阻燃剂研究与应用进展及问题思考

Research and Applications of Flame Retardants:a Review and Thoughts

聚合物因其优异的特性在诸多领域备受关注。然而,绝大多数聚合物具有可燃和易燃特性,因聚合物燃烧引起的重特大火灾造成群死群伤和重大财产损失的恶性事件时有发生,这导致其在一些领域的应用受到限制。为了改善聚合物材料易燃的缺点、满足人们日常生活安全的需求,新型、高效与环保阻燃剂的研发成为阻燃领域一项重要的研究课题。目前,阻燃行业正处于蓬勃发展的态势,阻燃剂种类繁多。然而,阻燃剂在使用过程中也显现出一些问题。阻燃剂添加量大时,聚合物复合材料的力学性能会恶化,难以实现阻燃性能与力学性能的平衡;阻燃剂在发挥阻燃作用的同时会释放出烟尘和有害气体,给环境造成污染,难以满足环保的要求;阻燃剂在聚合物中难以分散且与聚合物的相容性差导致其阻燃效率降低;阻燃剂的添加会影响聚合物的色泽并且难以满足实际服役条件下对不同性能的要求。针对以上问题,研究者们致力于开发环保、高效、阻燃-抑烟一体化的新型阻燃剂,从提高阻燃剂在聚合物基体中的分散性以及两相界面设计方面着手,通过阻燃剂的复配、阻燃剂纳米化、表面改性技术满足聚合物对阻燃剂的多功能要求,并不断发展分散性、界面相容性的评判理论与关系模型,丰富、有效的定量评价体系将使设计环境友好、阻燃性能和综合性能优异的聚合物复合材料具有现实可行的意义。本文评述了阻燃剂在环保性、分散性、相容性、阻燃效率和对聚合物综合性能的影响方面研究与应用的进展;在此基础上,探讨了阻燃剂所面临的技术问题,论述了相关问题的解决方案与阻燃剂的发展趋势。

Polymer materials received much concern in many fields due to their excellent properties.However,most polymer materials are combustible and flammable,which leads to a lot of malignant events such as misfire,death and property loss and limits its application in some fields.In order to solve the flame-retardant problem of polymer materials and meet the needs for people's safe life,the development of new,efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardants has become an important research topic in the field of flame retardant.At present,the flame retardant industry is the stage of vigorous development in China.There are many kinds of flame retardants.However,flame retardants also exposed some problems in the process of their application.A large number of flame retardants will deteriorate the mechanical properties of polymer composites,making it difficult to achieve a balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties;the smoke and harmful gas produced by flame retardants in the process of exerting flame retardancy will cause serious pollution to the environment,which is not consistent with the environmental requirements;the flame retardant effect is reduced because of the difficulty of dispersing in the polymer and the poor compatibility with the polymer;the addition of flame retardant affects the color of polymer,so that it can not meet the requirements of different properties in actual application.In response to the above problems,the researchers devoted to the development of the integration of environmental protection,high efficiency,flame retardant and smoke suppression of new flame retardant,and improved the dispersion of flame retardants in polymer matrix and two-phase interface design aspects.In order to meet the requirements of the multi-function of flame retardants of polymer,the flame retardants are usually treated via compounding,nano-treatment and surface modification technology.Besides,the quantitative evaluation systems including evaluation theory and model of dispersion and interface compatibility need to be further improved,which has a realistic significance on the design of environment-friendly and excellent comprehensive performance of polymer composites.The research and application progress of flame retardants in environmental protection,dispersion,compatibility,flame retardant efficiency and the influence on the comprehensive performance of polymers are reviewed in this paper.On this basis,the technical problems of flame retardants are discussed.The solutions of related problems and the development trend of flame retardants are introduced.