农业机械化对粮食高质量生产影响与环节异质性——基于黑、豫、浙、川四省调查数据

The Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on High Quality Grain Production and the Heterogeneity of Links—Based on the survey data of Heilongjiang,Henan,Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces

粮食生产高质量发展关乎国运民生,减少要素投入、提升生产率是粮食生产高质量发展的重要内容,机械化在这一过程中发挥着重要作用。从粮食生产分环节视角,基于对机械化要素替代效应和技术效应的分析,检视分环节机械化对粮食生产要素减量和全要素生产率提升的影响。研究发现:(1)机械作业不仅能减少劳动投入,而且对其他要素投入也有影响。机械播种会增加种子投入费用,机械施肥有助于化肥减量。(2)机械化有助于提高全要素生产率但环节异质性明显。机械播种对全要素生产率影响不显著,技术存在提升空间;机械施肥明显有助于提升全要素生产率,值得推广;机械收获对全要素生产率影响不显著。通过加深对粮食生产不同环节机械作业的要素减量和全要素生产率提升效应的认识,对进一步改进各环节机械技术,强化要素匹配,提高全要素生产率,加快推进粮食生产高质量发展具有一定启示。

The high quality development of grain production is related to the national transport and people’s livelihood.Reducing factor input and improving productivity are important elements of the high quality development of grain production in which mechanization plays an important role.Based on the analysis of the substitution effect and technique effect of mechanized factors,this study,from the perspective of sub-steps of grain production,attempts to examine the impact of sub-step mechanization on the reduction of grain production factors and the increase of total factor productivity.The research finds that,firstly,mechanical operations can not only reduce labor input,but also have a reduction effect on other factors.Mechanical sowing increases the cost of seed input,and mechanical fertilization helps to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer used.And,secondly,mechanization can help the increase of total factor productivity,while the link heterogeneity is obvious.Mechanical seeding technology has large differences and presents complex operating conditions.On average,it has no significant impact on total factor productivity.There is room for the improvement in technology.Mechanical fertilization obviously helps to increase total factor productivity and is worth promoting.Mechanical harvesting is mainly a substitute for labor operations.Total factor productivity also has no obvious impact.This study helps to deepen the understanding of the reduction of factors and the effect of improving the total factor productivity of mechanical operations in different links of grain production,as well as provides some suggestions for further improving the mechanical technology of each link,strengthening the matching between factors,improving the total factor productivity,and accelerating the high quality development of grain production.