孔子仁学的内在逻辑研究

A Study of the Inner Logic of Confucius'Benevolence Thoughts

仁是从人心中的爱的情感开始的,从爱亲开始,扩充到爱人、爱民、爱物。德行是爱的发用,爱的情感落实于行动上便表现为德行。礼是德行的规范尺度,爱之发用有过有不及,需要以礼为规范使其处于适度的状态。道是礼的评定标准,评定礼的人不违道才能使礼合理。而通过修身将爱的情感推己及人,以行动行爱他人之德,弘扬光明的德行于天下,亲近、爱护天下百姓,追求达到仁爱天下万物、施民济众的至善、至德,就是儒家的大学之道、成己之道、内圣外王之道。仁始于爱的情感,发展为内圣外王之道,又返回于爱的情感,这是孔子仁学的内在逻辑。

According to Confucius,benevolence(ren)commences with the emotion of love in the heart of man,expanding from the love for family,to the love for strangers,love for the people and love for things.As the application of love,virtue(de)is the demonstration of the emotion of love in action.Rites(li)are the regulatory scale of virtue,because the application of benevolence could be either excessive or inefficient,which needs to be regulated by rites to make it appropriate.Tao is the evaluation standard of rites,and those who hold the standard should not violate Tao in order to make the rites justifiable.By self-cultivation to extend the emotion of love from oneself to others,to fulfill virtue of loving others through action,to promote the righteous virtue all around the world,to concern and love the people,and to pursue the ultimate goodness and virtue of caring everybody and loving everything in the world,is the Confucian way of higher learning(daxue),of self-making(chengji),and of inner cultivation and outer ability(neisheng waiwang).This is the inner logic of Confucian benevolence,which commences with the emotion of love,develops into the way of inner cultivation and outer ability,and then returns to the emotion of love.