“天皇机关说”事件窥见日本国家的学术统制

A study on the national academic control of Japan in the perspective of the “Mikado Organ Thought” incident

1930年代后,在文部省、陆军、警视厅施行的一系列钳制学校师生思想的举措中,“天皇机关说”事件构成日本政府对学术进行公开压制的标志性事件。在日本近代,由于天皇制国家在理念上未能彻底解决立宪原则与天皇神权的关系,因此,美浓部达吉的“天皇机关说”被认为触及天皇“神格”,成为牵动全社会敏感神经的话题,引起社会舆论的广泛关注。日本首相颁布《国体明征声明》,宣布“天皇机关说”违反“国体”后,文部省一方面采取严格审查公开发表著述、处置发表不当言论者等高压措施;另一方面以提供研究经费资助等优厚待遇为手段,将从事人文学科的研究者吸引到对天皇制国家和对外侵略战争有利的方向上。终使大正时代培育出的科学主义、自由主义学术风气受到全方位压制,“天皇中心主义”“国家至上主义”不断侵蚀人文学术领域。

After the 1930 s, among a series of measures which implemented by the Ministry of Education, the Army, and the Metropolitan Police Department in order to clamp down on the thoughts of teachers and students in schools, the “Mikado Organ Thought” incident constituted a landmark event which showed public academical suppression of Japanese government. In modern Japan, as the Mikado system country failed to completely solve the relationship between the constitutional principle and the Mikado theocracy in theory, Tatsukichi Minobe’s “Mikado Organ Thought”, which was considered to get to the heart of the “Divine Personality” of the Mikado became a sensitive topic for the whole society and aroused widespread public concern. After Japanese Prime Minister issued the “Declaration of the National Polity” declaring that the “Mikado Organ Thought” violated the “National Polity”, the Ministry of Education and Culture adopted coercion policy such as strict examination of publicly published writings and disposal of persons who makes inappropriate remarks, on the other hand, it also provided generous treatments such as research funding to attract researchers majoring in humanities to the direction that is beneficial to the Mikado system country and aggressive wars. Ultimately, the academic atmosphere of scientism and liberalism nurtured in the Taisho period was suppressed thoroughly, and “Mikado Centralism” and “National Supremacism” eroded the academic field of humanities constantly.