南极鱼类后生动物寄生虫研究进展: 线虫、绦虫与桡足类

METAZOAN PARASITES OF ANTARCTIC FISHES:A REVIEW ON NEMATODE,CESTODE AND COPEPOD

极端的环境造就了南极独特的生物群体,其中鱼类是南大洋生态系统中最具多样性的脊椎动物,也是许多寄生虫的中间或终末宿主。南极鱼类寄生虫种类丰富,是南大洋海洋生物多样性的重要组成部分。探究南极鱼类及其寄生虫的营养关系可为阐释南极海洋生态系统功能及其变动提供重要的生态数据。虽然关于南极鱼类寄生虫的研究已有一百多年的历史,但这些研究主要集中在寄生虫的种类鉴定、区系调查和组织病理等方面。由于南极鱼类寄生虫研究跨度时间长、地域范围广,相关研究较为零散。文章综述了南极鱼类寄生线虫、绦虫以及桡足类的种类组成、宿主范围和地理分布等方面的研究,并对今后开展南极鱼类寄生虫研究工作提出了展望。

The extreme environment creates a unique biome in Antarctica,with Southern Ocean fish being the most diverse vertebrate and intermediate and final host of many parasites.The parasite ecology,biogeography,and parasite-host relationship in the Southern Ocean have received little attention,despite the abundance of parasites in Antarctic fish and an important component of the region's marine biodiversity.Studies have been conducted on the parasites of Antarctic fish,but those studies are mainly focus on species identification,fauna investigation and histopathology.Studies of parasites in Antarctic fish have mainly focused on species identification,fauna surveys and histopathology.Therefore,this review summarizes the progress about parasites in the Antarctic fish in the past over one century,mainly focusing on the species composition and host’s geographical distribution of the three main parasites in Antarctic fish,i.e.,nematodes,cestodes and parasitic copepods.Generally,to survive in the Antarctic region,parasites must either closely associate with their hosts throughout the entire life cycle or develop physiological adaptations to survive in the marine habitat.For nematodes,13 species from 9 genera and 3 orders,i.e.,Spirurida,Ascaridida and Enoplida,are observed in Antarctic fishes.For cestodes,15 species from 4 orders,i.e.,Tetraphyllidea,Diphyllidea,Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea,occur in Antarctic fishes.For copepods,8 species from 3 orders,i.e.,Siphonostomatoida,Cyclopoida and Lernaeopodidae,use Antarctic fishes as hosts.Antarctic mammalian parasites were found to utilize fish,especially the nototheniids and channichthyids,as a common transmission route into their final hosts.The perspectives on parasites of Antarctic fish provide scientific reference to understand the diversity of parasite in Antarctic fishes and the relationship between Antarctic fish and extreme environment.