多边气候条约中遵约机制的转型——基于“京都-巴黎”进程的分析

Transformation of Compliance Mechanisms on Multilateral Climate Treaties--An Analysis based on the“Kyoto-Paris”Process

“京都—巴黎”进程肇始于《京都议定书》的生效,并以《巴黎协定》生效为分界线,构建了“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种国际气候法律秩序。为了实现各自目标,遵约机制得以生成,并分流为“京都模式”和“巴黎模式”。相较于“京都模式”而言,“巴黎模式”在遵约形态、遵约动力、遵约主体和遵约判定等方面均有所转型:在遵约形态上,呈现出从“促进遵约+处理不遵约”到“促进遵约”的范式切换,在遵约动力上,完成了从“强制遵约”到“自主遵约”的结构变迁;在遵约主体上,展示了从“发达国家”到“发达国家+发展中国家”的规则渗透;在遵约判定上,蕴含着从“自上而下”到“自上而下+自下而上”的逻辑迁移。从2021年第三次缔约方会议来看,“巴黎模式”将继续强调“国家能力+各自情况”,并给予不同缔约方以区别对待,但囿于“强共同责任+弱区别责任”框架,这一“区别性”要弱于“共同性”。与此同时,在“促进性”和“灵活性”的价值导向下,“巴黎模式”将进一步深化国际合作的功能定位,并将肩负更艰巨的使命。

The“Kyoto-Paris”Process begins with the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol,and then establishes two international climate legal orders with the entry into force of the Paris Agreement as the boundary.In order to achieve their respective goals,compliance mechanisms are generated and divided into the“Kyoto Model”and the“Paris Model”.Compared with the forme theer has transformed in the following aspects:compliance form,compliance motivation,compliance subject and compliance judgment.In terms of compli-ance form,it shows a paradigm shift from“promoting compliance+dealing with non-compliance”to“promoting compliance”;in terms of compliance motivation,it has completed the structural transformation from“compulsory compliance”to“voluntary compliance”;in terms of compliance subject,it presents the rule infiltration from“developed countries”to“developed countries+developing countries”;in terms of com-pliance judgment,it implies the logical migration from“top-down”to“top-down+bottom-up”.From the perspective of CMA.3 in 2021,the“Paris Model”will continue to emphasize the“national capabilities+individual circumstances”,treating the parties differently.At the same time,under the value orientation of“facilitation”and“flexibility”,will also continue to increase or strengthen the functional orientation of international cooperation.