藏羊和牦牛的生理特征及高原适应性分子遗传学研究进展

Physiological Characteristics and Molecular Genetics Study of Tibetan Sheep,Goats and Yak Adaptation to Highland

被誉为“世界屋脊”的青藏高原具有低氧、低温、强紫外线等环境特征。而藏羊与牦牛是藏区重要的驯化家畜,具有低地动物难以企及的低氧耐受性,从基因层面到脏器肌肉结构等均表现出与低地动物的明显差别,是良好的畜牧、医学研究材料。该文分别从解剖学特征及分子层面综述了藏羊、牦牛等家畜在长期低温低氧环境下产生的器官组织特点、高原适应性基因,并从改良及利用藏区家畜等实际角度出发,阐述其选育有进展,以期为后续的高原适应性基因深度研究及藏区家畜改良繁育提供参考。

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,known as the“Roof of the World”,has environmental characteristics such as low oxygen,low temperature,and strong ultraviolet.Sheep,goat and yaks are important domesticated livestock on this plateau,and exhibit low-oxygen tolerance that lowland animals don't have.They are significantly different from lowland animals in terms of genetic levels,as well as organ and muscle structures.These differences allow them to be unique materials for animal husbandry and bio-medical studies.This article reviews the organ characteristics and highland adaption related genes of sheep,goats and yaks under long-term low-oxygen and low-temperature environment from the anatomical and molecular levels.From the practical point of view of improving and utilizing domestic animals in Tibetan areas,the breeding progress is explained in order to provide reference for the follow-up in-depth study of plateau adaptability genes and improvement and breeding of domestic animals in Tibetan areas.