陕西集约化养殖场TMR的应用效果和管理评价

Application Effect and Management Evaluation of TMR in Intensive Breeding Farms in Shaanxi Province

为了解决目前集约化养殖场全混合日粮(Total mixed ration,TMR)使用过程中存在的问题,优化TMR的应用效果,规范养殖场管理,增加养殖效益,该研究以中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,通过检测饲喂不同奶牛产群(高、中和低产群)TMR营养成分和颗粒大小,评价奶牛的日常管理,进一步分析奶牛的乳品质和养殖效益。结果表明:(1)高产群TMR中的干物质(Dry matter,DM)、粗蛋白和钙的含量显著高于低产群(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber,NDF)的含量显著低于低产群(P<0.05),3群奶牛日粮NDF含量高于推荐值25%,磷含量低于推荐值0.35%;(2)高产和中产群TMR物理有效中性洗涤纤维(Physically effective neutral detergent fiber,peNDF)含量和宾州筛第一层分布比例显著低于低产群(P<0.05);(3)高产群日常管理的粪便评分和体况评分均显著低于低产群(P<0.05),3群泌乳牛的躺卧率均低于80%;(4)高产群的产奶量、乳糖含量、乳尿素氮含量和泌乳效率显著高于低产群(P<0.05),乳脂含量、乳蛋白含量、总固体和体细胞数显著低于低产群(P<0.05),3群奶牛乳成分中乳脂率和脂蛋比均低于常规3.5%和1.12~1.36;(5)高产群的泌乳收益是低产群的2倍。综上所述,该集约化养殖场配制的TMR不均衡,TMR营养成分不符合常规饲喂标准,牧场管理水平不高,管理人员监管不到位,造成奶牛产奶量差异大,产奶性能低,奶牛场经济效益不高。

In order to solve the problems in the use of total mixed ration(TMR)in intensive farms,optimize the application effect of TMR,standardize the farm management and increase the breeding efficiency,Chinese Holstein dairy cows were taken as the research object.The nutritional composition and particle size of TMR were detected in different feeding groups(high,medium and low)to evaluate the daily management of dairy cows,and to further analyze the milk quality and breeding benefit of dairy cows.The results showed:(1)the contents of dry matter(DM),crude protein and calcium in high yield group TMR were significantly higher than those in low yield group(P<0.05),and the content of neutral detergent fiber(NDF)was significantly lower than that in low yield group(P<0.05),the dietary NDF content of the three dairy groups was 25%higher than the recommended value,and the phosphorus content 0.35%lower.(2)The content of physically effective neutral detergent fiber(peNDF)in high and middle yield groups and the distribution proportion of the first layer of sieve were significantly lower than those in low yield groups(P<0.05).(3)The fecal score and body condition score of the high-yield group were significantly lower than those of the low-yield group(P<0.05),and the lying rate of the three groups were all lower than 80%.(4)Milk yield,lactose content,milk urea nitrogen content and lactation efficiency in the high yield group were significantly higher than those in the low yield group(P<0.05),milk fat content,milk protein content,total solids and somatic cell number in the high yield group were significantly lower than those in the low yield group(P<0.05),milk fat percentage and fat to protein in the three groups were lower than the conventional 3.5%and 1.12~1.36.(5)The yield of lactation in the high-yield group was twice that of the low-yield group.To sum up,the fact that unbalanced TMR formulated by this intensive farm,the nutritional composition of TMR which does not meet the standard of conventional feeding,low level of ranch management and inappropriate personnel management has resulted in large differences in milk yield,low milk production performance,and low economic benefits of the dairy farm.