第24届冬奥会张家口赛区2018-2021年野外小兽类调查结果分析

Investigation of small mammals from 2018 to 2021 in the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the 24th Olympic Winter Games

目的了解第24届冬奥会张家口赛区2018-2021年小兽种群数量和结构变化规律,为赛区小兽类相关疾病的预测预警提供必要的依据。方法采用5 m夹线法对张家口赛区奥运场馆所在地崇礼区全区的2镇8乡进行野外小兽调查,每月调查1次,每次随机选择6~8个样点,每个样点根据生境或海拔不同,选择1~2种有代表性的生境,每种生境布放鼠夹100夹;应用Excel 2010软件对小兽类调查数据进行汇总和逐年逐月统计,运用集中度法和线性相关分析对小兽密度和种类的季节分布和生境分布特征进行分析。结果2018-2021年赛区共计布夹33610夹次,捕获小兽(以下简称鼠类)438只,平均捕获率为1.30%,隶属于2目4科9属12种,其中黑线姬鼠125只,占28.54%,为优势鼠种;2018-2021年鼠密度最高的年份是2019年,捕获率为2.09%,鼠种类最多的年份是2020年,共12种;从季节性分布规律来看,鼠密度有较强的季节性(M=0.58),呈双峰型,其中春季的3月为第1个高峰,秋季的8月为第2个高峰,鼠种分布有一定的季节性(M=0.31),呈单峰型;鼠密度随着海拔升高而增高,低海拔、中海拔、亚高海拔捕获率分别是0.22%、1.06%、2.00%;鼠种以中海拔(10种)居多,其次是亚高海拔(4种)和低海拔(3种);鼠密度与鼠种数在不同生境内有正相关趋势(r=0.823,P=0.006),鼠种变化以草滩、耕地、林带和山坡最为丰富。结论冬奥会张家口赛区所在地崇礼区野外鼠类的种群数量较高,物种组成丰富,活动具有较强的季节性,且不同生境分布具有规律性,应在重点地区警惕其种群密度和结构的变化。关注鼠源性疾病的流行趋势及其传播带来的重要影响。

Objective To understand the changes in the size and structure of small mammals populations from 2018 to2021 in the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the 24th Winter Olympic Games,and to provide the basis for the prediction and warning of small mammals-related diseases in this area.Methods Field investigation of small mammals was carried out in two towns and eight townships of Chongli district,which are the locations of facilities of the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the 24th Winter Olympic Games.Using the 5 m clamp line method,6-8 sampling sites were selected randomly every month,and 1-2 representative habitats with different type or altitude were selected at each site(100mousetraps per habitat).Excel 2010 software was used to summarize the monthly and yearly survey data of small mammals.By using the methods of concentration degree and linear correlation,the seasonal distribution of small mammals and the distribution characteristics in different habitats were analyzed.Results In 2018-2021,438 small mammals(hereinafter referred to as rodents)were captured using 33610 clamp-times,with an average capture rate of1.30%.The rodents belonged to 2 orders,4 families,9 genera,and 12 species,with Apodemus agrarius as the dominant species(125,28.54%).The year with the highest rodent density was 2019,and the capture rate was 2.09%.The year with the highest number of rodent species was 2020,and 12 species were captured.The density of rodents showed large seasonal variations(M=0.58)in a bimodal pattern,with the first peak in March of spring and the second peak in August of autumn.The species of rodent showed seasonal variations(M=0.31)in a unimodal pattern.The density of rodents increased with elevation,and the capture rate was 0.22%(low elevation),1.06%(medium elevation),and 2.00%(moderately high elevation).Most species of rodents were captured at medium elevation(10 species),followed by moderately high elevation(4 species)and low elevation(3 species).There was a positive correlation between rodent density and species in different habitats(r=0.823,P=0.006).The changes of rodent density and species were most significant in grassland,farmland,forest belt,and hillside.Conclusion In the Chongli district in Zhangjiakou competition zone of the 24th Winter Olympic Games,rodents have high population,rich species composition,and strong seasonal variation.The distribution of rodents in different habitats showed specific patterns.The changes in rodent density and species composition in key areas should be monitored.Attention should be paid to epidemic trend of rodentborne diseases and the important influence of their transmission.