有德与有福能否兼得?

Is It Possible to Have Both Virtue and Blessing?

有德的人能否同时有福的德福问题,关乎人生的根本性选择。尽管思想家们对此早有讨论,至今却仍无共识性定论。其主要原因在于,人们对幸福和道德存在多种不同的理解。据此,只要将“有德”的“道德”确定为人们约定俗成的真道德,那么不论从哪种幸福观出发,都能得到有德和有福可以兼得的结论。只是不同的幸福观不可能同时都正确,这就需要确证真正的幸福,它就是“人的全面自由发展”。由此出发,可知幸福与道德的真实关系是幸福含有德也须有德。不过这还不是全部结论。在现实社会中,一个有德之人能不能同时是有福之人,实际取决于社会,即社会是不是人民当家作主,是不是以人的全面自由发展为社会终极价值,以及其制度性社会赏罚机制的实际赏罚效果是否与道德的价值导向相一致。只有在这些方面都为“是”的社会,才能让有德之人也是幸福之人。

The question of whether a virtuous person can be blessed at the same time is related to the fundamental choice of life.Although thinkers have discussed this for a long time,there is still no consensus.The main reason is that there are many different understandings of happiness and morality.According to this,as long as the“morality”of“virtuous”is determined as the true morality of people’s conventions,no matter which view of happiness is taken,the conclusion that both virtue and happiness can be obtained.Different views of happiness cannot be correct at the same time,so it requires to confirm the true happiness,which is“the full and free development of human beings”.From this,we can see that the true relationship between happiness and morality is that happiness contains virtue and must also have virtue.But this is not the whole conclusion.Today,whether a virtuous person can be a blessed person at the same time depends on the society,these are,whether the people are the masters of the society,whether the comprehensive and free development of people is the ultimate value of society,and whether the actual reward and punishment effect of its institutional social reward and punishment mechanism is consistent with the moral value orientation.Only when those questions are all“yes”in these respects in a society can make the virtuous person also be a happy person.