乳腺癌中环状RNA的研究进展

Research progress of circular RNA in breast cancer

环状RNA(circRNA)是一类由前体信使RNA(mRNA)反剪接产生的序列保守的闭合环形RNA。与线性RNA不同,circRNAs不需要3’和5’端,这有助于其抗外切酶消化,具有序列保守性和组织特异性。circRNAs可以作为miRNA海绵或与RNA相关蛋白结合并调节基因转录,直接或间接影响乳腺癌相关基因的表达。最新研究结果显示,部分circRNAs有可以表达蛋白质的开放阅读框,也可以对乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭与凋亡产生作用。越来越多的证据表明,circRNAs以细胞类型、组织或发育阶段特有的方式表达,并且也在病理条件下表达。甚至circRNAs的异常表达与多种癌症有关,如乳腺癌、肝细胞癌、淋巴腺癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌和膀胱癌,它有可能成为癌症治疗所需的新型生物标志物和治疗靶点。近年来,circRNAs在肿瘤治疗和肿瘤早期检测中的作用成为了一个研究热点,其中就包括乳腺癌相关性环状RNA。本文就circRNAs的发现、产生机制、生物学功能进行综述,探讨circRNAs在乳腺癌中的研究进展以及外泌体circRNAs目前最新进展,并进行问题展望。

Circular RNA(circRNAs)is a kind of conservative closed circular RNA produced by reverse splicing of precursor mRNA.Unlike linear RNA,circRNAs do not need 3′and 5′ends,which contributes to its resistance to exonuclease digestion and has sequence conservation and tissue specificity.CircRNAs can act as a miRNA sponge or bind to RNA-related proteins and regulate gene transcription,directly or indirectly affect the expression of breast cancer-related genes.Recent studies have found that some circRNAs have open reading frames that can express proteins,and can also influence the proliferation,invasion and apoptosis of breast cancer cells.More and more evidence shows that circRNAs are expressed in a unique way of cell type,tissue or developmental stage,and are also expressed under pathological conditions.Even the abnormal expression of circRNAs is associated with a variety of cancers,such as breast cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma,lymphatic adenocarcinoma,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer and bladder cancer.circRNAs may become a new biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer treatment.In recent years,the role of circRNAs in tumor treatment and early tumor detection has become a research hotspot,including breast cancer-related circular RNA.This article reviews the discovery,production mechanism and biological function of circRNAs,discusses the research progress of circRNAs in breast cancer and the latest progress of exocrine circRNAs,and looks forward to the problems.