中国近代应对海洋灾害机制变革研究--以江浙海塘修建为例

Mechanism Reform of Responding to Marine Disasters in Modern China:a Case Study of Seawall Construction in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces

海塘作为沿海地区防止风暴潮侵袭的主要屏障,自古以来在修筑海塘经费筹集、修建方式与施工管理、修建技术与材料及海塘管理等方面存在着不同时代烙印。进入近代以后,在中西交流加强和国内社会变迁的影响下,修塘机制逐步开始全面变革,比如,经费筹集呈现出资主体多元化;经费来源和经费形式多样化;海塘修建方式由古代劳役制改为以工代赈;招标方式的出现及工程预算制度的引入,呈现出近代性特点;修建海塘的材料增添了钢筋混凝土的使用;修建技术采用新知识,结合风暴潮活动特点而减缓其冲击力和破坏性;海塘管理机构设置科层化明显加强,并且通过法律形式进行制度化管理。近代江浙海塘修建机制的这些变革,是社会变革投射在海塘上的一个缩影,从一个侧面反映了中国近代海洋灾害应对机制变革的丰富内涵。

The seawall is the main barrier to preventing storm surge in coastal areas.Since ancient times,seawall construction funds and construction methods,management,technology and materials have left marks of different eras.Since modern times,under the influence of the increasing exchanges between China and the West and domestic social changes,seawall construction mechanism began to undergo gradual comprehensive reform.Funds came from diversified providers and sources and in different forms.The construction mode of seawalls shifted from ancient labor service system to the work relief system.The appearance of bidding and the introduction of engineering budget system showed the characteristics of the times.Reinforced concrete was added to the materials for building seawalls,and construction techniques,influenced by new knowledge,combined with the characteristics of storm surge activity to mitigate its impact and damage.Seawall management institutions were set up,and institutionalized management was carried out through legal forms.These changes of the seawall construction mechanism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang in modern times are an epitome of social changes projected on seawalls,reflecting from one respect the rich connotation of mechanism changes in responding to marine disasters in modern China.