民国农地信贷与小农地权流失:理解土地兼并的一个视角

Agricultural Land Credit and the Loss of Smallholder Land Right in the Republic of China:A Perspective to Understand Land Annexation

民国时期我国农地信贷市场是一个传统与现代、民间与官方并存的市场,其对农村土地市场产生了深远影响。从农地信贷与地权关系角度的研究发现,民国时期的农地信贷市场高利贷盛行,农地信贷的初衷是辅助生产,但是高息效应下挤压了小农获利空间,造成了土地兼并集中的现象。“地主、商人与高利贷者”兼于一身,最终通过此方式大量攫取了小农的土地,而小农从自身角度来看,从每年偿付利息转变为每年交付租金,并没有很大差别。以农地为抵押品的传统农地信贷也有其积极的一面,农地具有金融“蓄水池”的作用,在一定程度上缓解了小农的经济困境。银行等官办农地信贷体系,也在一定程度上会帮助小农回购土地,降低小农租佃比例,扶持农业生产经营,但由于民国时期通货膨胀等因素,其实际作用有限。

During the period of the Republic of China,China's agricultural land credit market is a traditional and modern,folk and official coexisting market,which has a profound impact on the rural land market.From the perspective of the relationship between farmland credit and land rights,it is found that usury prevails in the farmland credit market during the period of the Republic of China.In the short term,farmland credit is an auxiliary production,but under the effect of a high-interest rate,it squeezes the living space of smallholders and causes the phenomenon of land merger and concentration.“Landlords,merchants and loan sharks”were all at the same time,and in this way,they ended up taking a lot of land from the smallholders,who,from their point of view,made little difference from paying interest every year to paying rent every year.Traditional agricultural land credit,such as private credit with agricultural land as collateral,also has its positive side.Agricultural land acts as a financial reservoir and alleviates the economic plight of smallholder farmers to a certain extent.The government-run agricultural land credit system,such as banks,can also help smallholders to buy back the land,reduce the proportion of smallholders'tenancy,and support agricultural production and operation to a certain extent.However,due to inflation and other factors during the period of the Republic of China,the actual effect is limited.