武士联盟与二权政府:摩尔根的政治人类学思想探析

Warriors’Alliance and the Government of Two Powers:The Political Anthropology Theory of Lewis H.Morgan

围绕易洛魁人的氏族、胞族、部落和部落联盟,摩尔根明晰了政府形态与武士联盟的根本联系。易洛魁人以基于氏族组织确立的兄弟情谊消除了武士的分裂倾向和反部落倾向,压制了军事酋长的过度发育,从而确保了联盟体的团结和壮大。同时,易洛魁的二权政府与武士联盟的经验密切相关,酋长会议和最高军事统帅的平衡程度将导致不同的政府变体。换言之,当酋长会议强而最高军事统帅弱时,政府易以分权为基本结构;当酋长会议弱而最高军事统帅强时,政府易转变为君主或专制政体。文章通过梳理摩尔根关于印第安社会的基本观点,比较印第安社会与古典社会的武士联盟,试图呈现摩尔根的二权政府理论对理解政治的根本意义。

According to the ethnographic materials of Iroquois,which mainly includes the basic characteristics of clan,phratry,tribe and confederacy,Morgan showed the fundamental relationship between government types and warriors’alliance.It is clearly that the warrior has the tendency of division and leave the tribe,these two features are offset by the brotherhood of different clans.The relationship between different clans also sets limits on the development of chiefs,which help the Iroquois confederacy keep military united and obtain development.The government of two powers,a council of the chiefs and general military commanders,is based on the building-up expression of warriors’alliance,and the relationship between the council of the chiefs and the general military commanders can lead to different models of government.In other words,when the council of the chiefs is more powerful than the general military commanders,the government will stay decentralized.But if a general military commander is more powerful,the government may change into monarchy or autocracy.This paper describes Morgan’s ideas of Indian clan society,and explores the significance of warriors’alliance comparison between Indian societies and ancient societies.More importantly,this paper attempts to highlight the importance of government of two powers,especially its relationship with politics.