从儒学大传统视角对社会治理现代化的思考

Reflections on the Modernization of Social Governance from the Perspective of the Confucian Tradition

从中国大历史进程看,社会的运行秩序及其规律性一直是国家治理和社会治理的核心内容。先秦诸子百家以不同的思想和话语建构了“天下”景观,特别是早期儒家,怀抱“以天下为己任”的使命感,力行实现“家—国—天下”的良好秩序和“天下大同”的社会理想。儒家的初心及其使命感和责任感对传统中国的政治思想和政治实践产生了深刻影响。这其中也折射出了儒家的深沉隐忧。事实上,“治乱盛衰”轮回的“历史周期律”,是原始儒家和新儒家难以破解的“历史大问”。传统中国迫于“大国小农”的基本国情,一遍遍地重复着这一历史宿命。在此意义上,从“大国小农”转向“天下为公”,提供了理解近现代中国一系列社会革命和社会变革的一把钥匙。在此进程中,彻底改造农户经济,挣脱“大国小农”的历史宿命;改造基层社会和基层组织,根除传统社会治理的积弊沉疴;持续开放变革推进高品质发展,走向更加现代的中国。

From the perspective of China’s great historical process,the ordered functioning and regularity of society have always been the core content of national and social governance.The schools of thought and discourse of the pre-Qin dynasty,especially early Confucianism,constructed the“allunder-Heaven”(tianxia天下)worldview,with a mission to“take the whole world as the responsibility of oneself”(yi tian xia wei ji ren以天下为己任),and to make great efforts to realize the proper order of“family-state-and-world”(jia-guo-tianxia家—国—天下)and the social ideal of“worldwide harmony”(tianxia datong天下大同).The original aspiration of Confucianism and its sense of purpose and responsibility have profoundly influenced the political thought and practices of traditional China.This also reflects the deeply hidden worries of Confucianism.Forced by the basic national condition of“a big country with small farmers”(da guo xiao nong大国小农),traditional China repeats its historical fate over and over again.In this sense,the shift from“a big country with small farmers”to“a world for all”(tian xia wei gong天下为公)provides the key to understand a series of social revolutions and changes in modern China.In this process,the peasant household economy was thoroughly reformed and the historical fate of“a big country with small farmers”broken off;and the grassroots level of society and grassroots organizations were reformed to eradicate the deeprooted evils of traditional social government.We will continue to open up and reform to promote highquality development and move toward a more modern China.