社会秩序的自然生态依据——基于云南阿卡人生死观的人类学考察

The Natural Ecological Basis of Social Order——An anthropological investigation based on the view of life and death of the Aka people in Yunnan

自然秩序、象征秩序和社会秩序构成了阿卡世界的秩序图景,其中象征秩序和社会秩序以自然秩序为依据,这与涂尔干及其追随者的观点迥然不同。在阿卡人的生死观中,以上秩序之间的关系得到集中呈现,当死者的生命轨迹与自然秩序相违背时,其葬礼形式、规格被“非常”对待。这种处理方式反过来规范着个体行为和社会秩序,并型塑了阿卡人对自然生态与文化的认识基础。社会秩序对自然秩序的服从,透视出阿卡人对人类地位的认识和态度,人类在此被置于与非人类力量对等的地位上,接受共同秩序的规范与约束。

Natural order,symbolic order and social order form the picture of order in the Akha world,among which symbolic order and social order are based on natural order,which is very different from the view of Durkheim and his followers.In the Akha view of life and death,the relationship be⁃tween these orders is concentrated,and when the life experience of the deceased contradicts the natural order,his funeral form and specifications are treated as“abnormal”.This treatment in turn regulates individual behavior and social order,and shapes the basis of the Akha people’s understand⁃ing of natural ecology and culture.The subordination of the social order to the natural order reveals the view and attitude of the Akha world toward the status of human beings,who are placed on an equal footing with non-human forces and subject to the norms and constraints of the common order.