国家公园建设的社区参与现状——以三江源国家公园为例

Current situation of community participation in national park construction:A case study in Sanjiangyuan National Park

社区参与是实现国家公园生态保护与社区协调发展的重要途。为了解三江源国家公园建设中社区参与行为现状,给青海省的国家公园建设提供决策参考,以三江源国家公园体制试点区社区为对象,以社区牧户国家公园生态保护的认知及参与意愿调研为基础,分析了三江源国家公园社区参与的现状及问题。结果表明:1)受环保宣传和藏族生态文化的影响,三江源国家公园社区牧户的生态保护意识较高,生物多样性保护应该和文化多样性保护并重以体现国家公园完整性保护;2)三江源国家公园社区牧户的参与行为不完全符合理性经济人假设,更多的是受传统生态文化影响下的一种归属感和地方依恋感所致,也体现出社区参与利他性和互助性的特点;3)牧户的社区参与行为与保护意愿并不相匹配,折射出社区生态保护与社区发展的不协调;4)三江源国家公园社区参与度不高,多为象征性参与或假性参与。应该完善社区共管机制,构建政府、市场与全社会的多元化参与路径,实现三江源国家公园的可持续保护与发展。

Community participation is a key to realize the coordinated development of ecological protection and community in national parks.Herdsman’s cognition of and participatory willingness for protection of national parks are important influencing factors of community participation behavior.A survey was made of the cognition of and the participatory willingness of the herdsmen in the communities to the ecological protection in Sanjiangyuan National Park,based on which the current situation and problems of community participation in Sanjiangyuan National Park were analyzed.The analysis showed that the herdsmen in the communities have a high awareness of ecological protection,which is the result of the joint influence of environmental protection publicity and Tibetan ecological culture.The herdsman’s participation behavior is not only in line with the hypothesis of‘rational economic man’,but also due to a sense of belonging and local attachment under the influence of traditional ecological culture,and it also shows the characteristics of altruism and mutual aid.Herdsman’s participation behavior is not completely consistent with the willingness of the herdsmen to protect the natural park,that is a reflection of the incompatibility between community ecological protection and community development.Herdsman’s participation is not so high in the communities,with symbolic or fake participation.It is therefore recommended to improve the community co-management mechanism and build a diversified participation path to include the government,the market and the whole society so as to realize the sustainable protection and development of Sanjiangyuan National Park.