日本御灵会起源研究——以奈良、平安时代的疫病对策为中心

Study on the Origin of the Goryo ceremony: Focusing on the Epidemic Countermeasures of the Nara and Heian Eras

日本在奈良、平安时代的疫病对策中,既有实施兼用于其他灾异的神、佛、儒系对策,也有实行专门针对外来疫病鬼神的对策。兼用型和专用型的两种疫病对策性质不同,两者呈共存关系。其中,专用型对策的实施是基于与大陆来往所导致的外来疫情,因此其举行的地点具有边界性特征,所祭鬼神也与日本传统疫神有本质的区别,呈现明显的外来性质。而民间三大御灵会所祭疫神也可见具有外来性,因此御灵会应同属针对外来疫病的专用型对策,其起源实非自神作祟思想等日本本土传统。如此,从疫病对策的性质角度为御灵会的起源提供了新的解答。

In Japan’s Nara and Heian dynasties, a variety of epidemic countermeasures were implemented. These included not only parallel implementation of the one god, through Buddhism and Confucianism countermeasures that can be used for all kinds of disasters, but also special countermeasures for foreign epidemic gods. In this paper, firstly, the differences between the two types of epidemic countermeasure are clarified, and it is pointed out that they were coexisting. Secondly, the implementation of special countermeasures for foreign epidemics is shown to be due to communication with the mainland,which led to the frequent occurrence of foreign epidemics. Thirdly, the special countermeasures were held at boundaries and the gods were clarified as foreign, and it is shown that there are essential differences between the foreign gods and the traditional Japanese yakujin. Finally, the paper investigates the three folk Goryo ceremonies who also had corresponding foreign epidemic gods. Therefore, these Goryo ceremonies should be seen as one of the special countermeasures.