理一分殊:横渠三学的意象诠释

Universality and Particularity:the Image Interpretation of the Three Studies of Hengqu

于张载哲学,皆知其有“四句”,而鲜知其有“三学”。对张载哲学的诠释,当因其固然而顺其自然:缘其固有之架构,彰其特有之精神,显其整体之面目。通过“参伍”易理,张载提出了天与吾儒“以参为性”的哲学主张;建构了“太虚即气”的天道论和“尊礼贵德”“乐天知命”的仁道论;回应了“性与天道”的时代之问;体现了儒家“有无混一”的中庸品格、“民胞物与”的大心境界和悲悯情怀;形成了横渠三学:易学—气学—仁学的理论体系。易学其始,仁学其终,而气学立其间。以易观之,“三学”总体是一“意—象—言”,各各又一“意—象—言”,一如“统体一太极,物物一太极”,故曰“理一分殊”。

Zhang Zai's Four Phrases are popular to us all but there are another three studies few known in his philosophy.The interpretation of Zhang Zai's philosophy should go with its inherent structure and unique spirit just as he says,"the sage's wisdom is so magic that like skilled butcher to dismember an ox".Such is called the"image interpretation".Through the image number principle in the Book of Changes,Zhang Zai put forward the philosophical proposition of juxtaposition of people and nature;Constructed the theory of heaven and the theory of benevolence;Responded to the question of"humanity and natural law";Embodied the golden mean of Confucianism with highest morality and compassion;Formed a philosophical theoretical system of"Three Studies of Hengqu",that is,Yi Study-Qi Study-Benevolence Study.The system starts from Yi-ology and ends with Qi Study and with Benevolence Study stands in the middle.From the point of view of Yi-ology,such"three studies"are unified but diverse in"intension-image-word",which reflects its universality and particularity characteristics.