近百年来欧亚大陆草地螟发生的时空动态

Spatio-temporal dynamics of meadow moth outbreaks in Eurasia over the past 100 years

【目的】草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.是一种世界性害虫,主要分布在北温带36°N-55°N范围内。明确草地螟在整个欧亚大陆的发生动态,对于阐明其灾变机理具有重要意义。【方法】通过查阅有关中、俄草地螟的文献资料,分析1900年以来欧亚大陆草地螟的发生情况。【结果】从20世纪20年代中期至今,草地螟在欧亚大陆先后于1925-1936年、1948-1960年、1969-1989年和1995-2014年出现了4个大的群发期。在1925-1936年、1969-1989年和1995-2014年3个群发期内,存在着草地螟重发生区沿着欧亚大草原东西向蔓延的现象。在1948-1960年这个群发期,草地螟主要发生范围局限在东北亚地区。此外,草地螟种群在不同区域内呈现出不同的暴发周期。在俄罗斯欧洲部分,草地螟的暴发周期为10年左右,但在1937-1968年间出现了长达30余年的间歇期。在我国东北及华北地区,草地螟的暴发周期为20年左右。在俄罗斯西伯利亚,由于其位于欧亚大陆两个主要的发生基地之间,无论草地螟重发生区自西向东还是自东向西传播,都会在当地造成危害,因此发生也更频繁。【结论】草地螟在欧亚大陆的猖獗为害具有群发性,重发生区会沿着欧亚大草原东、西向蔓延。草地螟在一个地区内的间歇性猖獗不仅与当地的环境因素有关,还可能受到草地螟重发生区在大陆尺度上转移的影响。

[Objectives]The meadow moth,Loxostege sticticalis L.is a cosmopolitan pest inhabiting in the temperate zone between 36°N and 55°N.Clarifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of the meadow moth population in the whole of Eurasia is important to understand the outbreak mechanism of this species.[Methods]Meadow moth infestations since 1900 were summarized by searching older Russian and Chinese literature and historical records.[Results]There have been four periods with large outbreaks of meadow moths in Eurasia since the mid-1920 s;1925-1936,1948-1960,1969-1989 and 1995-2014.In three of these,meadow moths spread eastward,or westward,along the Eurasian Steppe,except for 1948-1960 when outbreaks were mainly limited to Northeast Asia.In addition,the meadow moth population had different outbreak cycles in different regions.In the European part of Russia,meadow moths have a cycle of about 10 years,except for an interval of more than 30 years from 1937 to 1968.In Northeast and North China,outbreaks have occurred about once every 20-years.Meadow moth outbreaks have been more frequent in Siberia,probably because this is located between the two main Eurasian breeding areas.Outbreaks have occurred irrespective of whether the meadow moth infestation spreads from west to east or from east to west.[Conclusion]Plague-like outbreaks of the meadow moth have periodically occurred in Eurasia causing severe damage that has spread eastward or westward along the Eurasian Steppe.This suggests that outbreaks of the meadow moth in a specific region may be related not only to local environment factors,but also to their spreads in the continental scale.