满文古地图与俄文古地图的邂逅

Chance Meetings Between Manchu and Siberian Maps

本文以东西方地理知识的互动为视角,通过梳理满文《吉林九河图》的研究史以及在其研究过程中存在的各种问题,指出该图在研究过程中被以讹传讹,其结果导致了中外研究的错误观点。这幅地图最早的研究者吉田金一指出该图成图于1690年左右,随后逐渐被中外学界误认为是中俄尼布楚谈判中清廷代表使用的地图。本文指出台北故宫博物院收藏的满文所谓《口外九大人图》,是《吉林九河图》的原图,而“口外九大人图”乃是后人命名。接着以尼布楚谈判过程中西伯利亚东北部的里雅那江分界地为线索,探讨了《吉林九河图》中的西伯利亚地理地名知识。最后指出,俄罗斯使者斯帕法里1676年到北京携入俄文《西伯利亚地图》(1673年),被清廷译成汉文地图,其局部就是台北故宫博物院所藏的《亚洲西北河流图》。清廷同时依据《西伯利亚地图》,按照中国山水画的风格,绘制了一幅汉文《西伯利亚地图》(康熙时期,彩色,纸本)。虽然目前留下的只是该图的局部内容,但足以证明中俄两国在康熙十五年(1676)左右相互交流过地图资料的事实。这些地理知识乃是后来绘入满文《口外九大人图》以及《吉林九河图》等欧亚东北部地图的知识来源。

Using the perspective of interactions between geographical understandings of East and West and an exploration of the accomplishments and problems in research on the Manchu language map Jilin jiuhe tu(吉林九河图,Map of the Nine Rivers of Jilin),I point out how distorted understandings of this map from past research have spread to scholars in China and abroad.Yoshida Kin'ichi(1980),who was the first to research this map,points out that it was composed around the year 1690,and was later gradually misunderstood by academics to have been the map used by representatives of the Chinese side in the Treaty of Nerchinsk.By analyzing the issue of place names given on this map in later revisions,and comparison with another Manchu map found in the collection of the Palace Museum in Taipei,I show how this second map,known as the Kouwai jiudaren tu(口外九大人图,Map of the Nine Ministers Beyond the Great Wall),is in fact the original source map of the Jilin jiuhe tu.Then,by asking whether“the Lena River used to be our border,what about taking this as a boundary?”as a starting point,I explore the geographical knowledge of Siberia in this map.In summary,the specific process of dissemination was as follows:a 1673 map of Siberia was brought by the Russian emissary Nicholas Spafary to Peking in 1676,where the Qing court had a Chinese translation,part of which was the Yazhou xibei heliu tu(亚洲西北河流图,Northwest Asia River Map),now in the collection of the Palace Museum in Taipei.After the Qing court obtained this Russian map of Siberia,they also had painted a Chinese language map of Siberia in Chinese landscape painting style on a multicolor paper scroll.Although at present only a fragment remains of this scroll,it is sufficient to show that around the fifteenth year of the Kangxi reign(1676)China and Russia had a mutual exchange of cartographic knowledge.I show clearly that in fact these geographical understandings were later included in northeast Eurasian maps,such as the Manchu language Kouwai jiudaren tu as well as the Jilin jiuhe tu.