中国“槟榔黄化病”研究40年——病原、防控措施新进展

Forty Years of Research on“Yellow Leaf Disease of Areca Palm”in China:New Progress of the Casual Agent and the Management

自1981年海南省屯昌县首次发现槟榔黄化病(yellow leaf disease of areca palm,YLD)以来,槟榔黄化问题日趋严重,现已成为制约中国槟榔产业可持续发展的最重要的因素。同时,鉴于生产中除槟榔黄化病外,炭疽病、细菌性叶斑病、椰心叶甲、干旱等一些其他因素也可引起槟榔黄化,以及“槟榔黄化病”病原或病因认识上存在混淆的问题,学界暂用“槟榔黄化现象”的表述。近年来,针对上述问题开展了一系列深入研究并取得突破性进展。本文首先简要回顾了中国槟榔黄化病的发生及病原方面的研究进展,介绍了另一种致黄关键新病害——由槟榔隐症病毒1(Areca palm velarivirus 1,APV1)引起的槟榔黄叶病毒病(areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease,ALYVD),以及其他2种新发现的病毒病害——槟榔坏死环斑病毒病和槟榔坏死环斑病毒病的研究进展。对6个示范基地的病原检测结果表明,部分黄化植株被槟榔黄化植原体(areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasma,AYLP)或APV1单独感染,部分植株被AYLP和APV1复合感染。本文还探讨了槟榔黄化病研究中存在的病原分布不均、含量低引起的检测困难和田间诊断易混淆等问题,并对YLD、ALYVD、叶斑类病害、根腐病害、芽腐病、椰心叶甲、干旱、寒害、除草剂药害等9类因子引起的黄化症状特征进行了总结。进而分析了YLD和ALYVD防控中存在的问题以及现阶段面临的紧迫形势,从防控策略和具体措施解读了《槟榔“黄化病“防控明白纸》,并指出了其有待进一步完善之处及防控中亟待解决的问题。最后,展望了YLD和ALYVD2种致黄关键病害综合防控中亟待实施的措施。本文旨在让广大科研工作者和农技人员更好地了解槟榔“黄化病”方面的最新成果。

Since yellow leaf disease of areca palm(YLD)was observed in Tunchang County,Hainan Province in 1981,issues regarding to areca palm leaf yellowing are increasingly serious which have become the most important factors restricting the sustainable development of the areca palm industry in China.Meanwhile,a temporary conception‘areca yellow leaf phenomenon’was proposed by the academic circle based on the facts that some other factors including areca anthracnose,areca bacterial leaf spot,coconut leaf beetle,and drought stress etc.except YLD could cause areca palm leaves to turn yellow and confusions were existed in the understanding of the causal agent or cause of‘YLD’.The questions above have been researched systematically and breakthroughs have been achieved recently.In this review,firstly,the occurrence and progress on the etiological agent of YLD were briefly retrospected,achievements of another key novel areca palm yellow leaf related disease,areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease(ALYVD)caused by Areca palm velarivirus 1(APV1),together with 2 recently reported virus diseases areca palm necrotic spindle-spot virus disease and areca palm necrotic ringspot virus disease were introduced.Detection of the pathogens of diseased leaf samples showing yellow symptom collected from 6 demonstration bases showed that a part of the samples were only infected by AYLP or APV1 while another parts were co-infected by AYLP and APV1.Questions that the difficulty in the detection caused the even distribution and low title of the pathogen AYLP and that the easy-to-cofused symptoms for the diagnosis in field in the research of YLD were probed and characteristic yellow symptoms caused by 9 types of factors including YLD and ALYVD,leaf-spot-type diseases,root-rot-type diseases,bud rot,coconut leaf beetle,drought&chilling stress,herbicide phytotoxicity etc were summarized.Problems in the control practices and the pressing situations confronted in the management currently were then analyzed,and key points from tactical and detailed methodical perspectives in the plain paper for the management of areca palm‘leaf yellowing related diseases’were elaborated and its aspects to be further improved together certain problems in the management were pointed out.At the end,foresight of the integrated control measures for the two key leaf yellowing related diseases,which were urgent to implement,were prospected.The aim of this review is to make the latest progress regarding‘YLD’known to researchers and agricultural technicians.