鄂东稻田油菜免耕飞播技术模式的产量及效益评价

Evaluation on yield and benefit of no-tillage and aerial seeding technique model of rapeseed in paddy field of eastern Hubei

为了探索稻田秸秆全量还田油菜免耕飞播生产模式(简称免耕飞播)在晚收水稻田中的生产适应性和实用性,于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在鄂东武穴市开展油菜田间试验,试验设有免耕飞播和习惯旋耕直播(简称旋耕直播),评价2种模式下的油菜产量、肥料利用效率及经济效益的差异。结果表明,免耕飞播模式显著增加油菜产量、肥料偏生产力和经济效益。与旋耕直播模式相比,免耕飞播模式2年的油菜子平均增产216 kg/hm^(2),增幅为9.8%,N、P、K肥偏生产力分别平均提高8.1%、151.2%和147.6%,种植投入平均减少1116元/hm^(2),净利润平均增加2202元/hm^(2)。说明油菜免耕飞播模式具有抢墒抢温播种、秸秆全面还田保墒保温和养分循环利用、油菜专用缓释肥一次性基施、机械开深沟防渍等优点,增产节本增收效果显著,是一种实用的轻简高效生产模式。

In order to explore the production adaptability and practicability of no-tillage and aerial seeding(hereinafter referred to as no-tillage and aerial seeding)production mode of rapeseed with full straw returning in the paddy field in late-harvest paddy field,field experiments of rapeseed were carried out in Wuxue city,eastern Hubei province in 2018—2019 and 2019—2020.In the experiments,no-tillage and aerial seeding and conventional rotary tillage and direct seeding(hereinafter referred to as rotary tillage and direct seeding)were set to evaluate the differences in rapeseed yield,fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits under the two modes.The results showed that no-tillage aerial seeding significantly increased rape yield,fertilizer partial productivity and economic benefits.Compared with rotary tillage direct seeding mode,no-tillage aerial seeding mode increased rapeseed yield by 216 kg/hm^(2)on average,with an increase of 9.8%.The partial productivity of N,P and K increased by 8.1%,151.2%and 147.6%,respectively.The planting input decreased by 1116 yuan/hm^(2)on average,and the net profit increased by 2202 yuan/hm^(2).The results showed that the no-tillage and aerial sowing mode of rape had the advantages of soil moisture grabbing and temperature sowing,straw returning,soil moisture preservation and nutrient recycling,one-time basic application of special slow-release fertilizer for rape,and mechanical trenching and waterlogging prevention.The effect of increasing production and saving income was remarkable.It was a practical,simple and efficient production mode.