监督者抑或当事人?——检察公益诉讼原告双重角色的法理检视

Supervisor or Litigant: A Jurisprudential Examination of the Dual Role of the Plaintiff in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation

我国检察公益诉讼中检察机关既是诉讼监督者又是诉讼当事人,此双重角色具有法理冲突。我国《宪法》将检察机关定位为国家法律监督机关,检察权发挥着法律监督功能。检察机关通过检察权的执法监督权能、司法监督权能、守法监督权能实现其各项职能,且每类监督权能由检察机关若干职权构成。检察权的三类法律监督权能无须在检察机关的每项活动中同时实施,构成权能的具体职权也应随着法律实施的需要而动态调整。在检察公益诉讼中,为解决双重角色的法理冲突,检察机关应主要实施执法监督权能和守法监督权能,谦抑地实施司法监督权能。故可取消司法监督权能中的抗诉职权,并转隶司法工作人员侵犯公民权利、损害司法公正犯罪的立案侦查职权至监察委员会。

The procuratorate is both the supervisor and the litigant of procuratorial public interest litigation in China, which leads to a jurisprudential conflict. China’s Constitution defines the procuratorate as the national legal supervision organ, and the procuratorial power plays the function of legal supervision. The procuratorate realizes its various functions through law enforcement supervision power, judicial supervision power and law-abiding supervision power of the procuratorial power, and each type of supervision power is composed of several responsibilities of the procuratorate. The three types of legal supervision power need not be implemented simultaneously in each activity of the procuratorate, and the specific responsibilities constituting these powers should also be dynamically adjusted with the needs of law implementation. In procuratorial public interest litigation, procuratorates should mainly implement law enforcement supervision power and law-abiding supervision power while modestly implement judicial supervision power in order to avoid the jurisprudential conflict. Therefore, the responsibility of counterappeal in judicial supervision power can be abolished and the responsibility of filing and investigation of crimes committed by judicial staff against civil rights and judicial justice can be transferred to the supervisory committee.