清代京城卖水业与饮用水调控

Water Selling Industry and Potable Water Regulation in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty

水是人类生存不可或缺的基础性生态资源,优质水资源和良好水环境是区域城市可持续发展的关键.本文通过对清代京城民众用水主要依赖凿井取地下水饮用,以及井水水质有咸苦、甘甜之分等地理资源基础问题等的分析,阐述了京城甜、苦水井分布不均,尤其苦水丼质劣,严重影响京城居民日常饮用,并因此催生出极具特色的卖水行业。讨论了优质甜水井与卖水业的关系,揭示了卖水业者垄断水市与清廷为解决供水而制定条例,实施治理调控水市的多项举措,均是优质水资源紧缺状态在人水关系系统中的反映。

Water is an indispensable basic ecological resource for human survival.It is also an ecological resource.High quality water and good water environment are very important for urban sustainable development.This paper shows that in the Qing Dynasty,people in Beijing mainly relied on digging wells to get groundwater,and the water quality of well water was good and bad.Through the analysis of geographical resources and other problems,we can know that the distribution of good water quality wells and bad water quality wells in Beijing is uneven in the city.Moreover,water with poor water quality seriously affects people’s drinking and water use.Because the quantity of water with good water quality is limited,there is a water selling industry.This paper also discuss the relationship between high quality sweet water wells and water selling industry.This discussion can reveal why water sellers monopolized the drinking water market,the regulations on water supply formulated by the Qing government,and how to regulate the water sales market.These are the reflection of the scarcity of high-quality water resources and the relationship between people and water.