不同施肥模式对春玉米产量·氮肥农学利用率及矿质氮分布规律的影响

Effects of Different Fertilization Patterns on Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Mineral Nitrogen Distribution of Spring Maize

[目的]以华阴市废弃地为研究对象,以春玉米为试材,研究不同施肥模式对春玉米产量、氮肥农学利用率及矿质氮分布规律的影响。[方法]设置对照组(CK)、单施化肥处理(NPK)、70%化肥+30%有机肥(7F+3M)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(5F+5M)、30%化肥+70%有机肥(3F+7M)、优化施肥+硝化抑制剂(Opt+DMPP)6种施肥模式,2019年6月至2020年11月分别对不同施肥模式的试验区域表层及剖面土壤进行取样,探究不同施肥模式对土壤表层硝态氮、铵态氮及土壤剖面硝态氮分布的影响并比较不同施肥式下2年春玉米产量的变化。[结果]2年有机无机肥配施显著增加春玉米产量(14.02 t/hm^(2)),增幅为6.05%,Opt+DMPP处理产量为13.38 t/hm^(2),产量增幅不显著(P>0.05);Opt+DMPP氮肥农学利用率最高为42.18 kg/kg;与NPK(35.03 kg/kg)相比,3F+7M显著增加氮肥农学利用率至39.06 kg/kg, 3F+7M增加氮肥偏生产力至70.11 kg/kg, Opt+DMPP显著增加氮肥偏生产力,增幅为19.13%。不同施氮模式之间表层硝态氮含量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。与NPK相比,有机无机肥配施处理,硝态氮峰值显著降低;在优化施氮基础上,添加DMPP可进一步降低硝态氮峰值31.4%。不同施氮模式下0~20 cm土层铵态氮含量之间无显著差异(P>0.05);0~200 cm土壤中硝态氮的残留量表现为NPK>7F+3M>5F+5M>Opt+DMPP>3F+7M。[结论]7F+3M施肥模式能有效增加春玉米产量,Opt+DMPP可以显著提高氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力,降低土壤表层和剖面硝态氮含量,为有机无机配施提高作物产量和保护土壤质量的研究提供参考。

[Objective]To investigate the effects of different fertilization patterns on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in abandoned land of Huayin City.[Method]Six fertilization modes were set up, including control group(CK), chemical fertilizer treatment(NPK), 70% chemical fertilizer+30%organic fertilizer(7 F+3 M),50%chemical fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer(5 F+5 M), 30%chemical fertilizer+70% organic fertilizer(3 F+7 M), and optimized fertilization + nitrification inhibitor(Opt+DMPP). The surface and profile soil samples of different fertilization modes were collected from June 2019 to November 2020. The effects of different fertilization modes on the distribution of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen in surface soil and nitrate nitrogen in soil profile were explored, and the changes of spring maize yield in two years under different fertilization modes were compared. [Result]The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the yield of spring maize(14.02 t/hm^(2)), with an increase of 6.05%, and the yield of Opt + DMPP treatment was 13.38 t/hm^(2), with an insignificant increase(P>0.05).Opt+DMPP had the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency of 42.18 kg/kg.Compared with NPK(35.03 kg/kg), 3 F+7 M significantly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency to 39.06 kg/kg, 3 F+7 M increased nitrogen partial productivity to 70.11 kg/kg, and Opt+DMPP significantly increased nitrogen partial productivity by 19.13%. There were significant differences in surface nitrate content among different nitrogen application modes(P>0.05). Compared with NPK treatment, the peak value of nitrate nitrogen decreased significantly under combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. On the basis of optimized nitrogen application, the addition of DMPP could further reduce the peak value of nitrate nitrogen by 31.4 %. There was no significant difference in ammonium nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil layer under different nitrogen application modes(P>0.05).Through two years of data analysis showed that: 0-200 cm soil nitrate nitrogen residue performance: NPK > 7 F+3 M > 5 F+5 M >Opt+DMPP> 3 F+7 M.[Conclusion] 7 F+3 M fertilization model could effectively increase the yield of spring maize. Opt+DMPP could significantly improve the agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, and reduce the content of nitrate nitrogen in soil surface and profile, which provided a reference for improving crop yield and protecting soil quality by combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.