武德与功夫:中国武术体用观的话语生成与演变

Wushu Morality and Kungfu: Discourse Generation and Evolution of Chinese Wushu's Essence and Function

审视先秦至今的中国武术,认为武德为体、功夫为用的体用观是武术发展的内在逻辑和话语。先秦军礼为体、膂力技击为用的“以德统力”奠定了武术发展德、力一体的文化基因。武术体用观的生成轨迹为:秦汉至明末清初,武术以“侠义”为体、巧力之技击与演练为用,形成“英雄化”的守德备力;清末民初至近现代,武术以“尚武精神”为体、内劲之技击与操练为用,构建精英化的崇德尚力;当前武术以培育民族精神为体、身心体验之修炼与技击为用,弘扬平民化的育德彰力。武德由礼乐制度演化为民族精神,大众化为国民接纳的爱国气节与精神气质;功夫由外在的勇武之力蜕变为修身技能,内在化为国家征用的身心自我技术。中国武术的武德与功夫可以创新转化,服务于文化自信与体育强国背景下“武以成人”的新民培育,这是武术研究的文化自觉。

Examining the history of Wushu since the pre-Qin period,the author holds that Wushu Morality as the essence and Kungfu as the function is the internal logic and discourse of the development of Chinese Wushu.Commanding strength with Wushu morality in the pre-Qin period laid the cultural gene of the integration of morality and strength in the development of Wushu.The formation track of Wushu's essence and function are as follows:From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties,"Chivalry"as the essence of Wushu,attack and exhibition as the function of Wushu,established a"heroic"morality with strength;From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China to modern times,the"martial spirit"as the essence,attack and actual combat drill as the function,built elite advocating morality and strength;At present,Wushu takes the cultivation of national spirit as the essence,physical and mental cultivation,and attack as the function,to carry forward the civilian education of morality and strength.Wushu Morality has evolved from ritual and music system to national spirit,popularized into patriotism and spirit accepted by the people,and Kungfu has transformed from outward strength into self-cultivation skills,and introverted into physical and mental self-skills expropriated by the state.It is the cultural consciousness of Wushu research that Wushu Morality and Kungfu can be innovated and transformed to serve the cultivation of"Wushu for people's growth"under the background of cultural confidence and sports power.