钱穆、牟宗三争论“大一统”平议——港台新儒家视野下的董仲舒政治哲学

A Discussion of the Debate on the“Great Unity”Between Qian Mu and Mou Zongsan:Dong Zhongshu’s Political Philosophy from the Perspective of New Confucianism in Hong Kong and Taiwan

董仲舒“大一统”的理想,被钱穆、牟宗三解读为“以学术指导政治,以政治指导经济”的境界而加以充分肯定。两人围绕传统“大一统”究竟属民主还是属专制的争执,背后有儒道之辨,即钱穆“由天达人”“由自然推论人生”“由自然界以发挥天人合一”道路,与牟宗三“由人达天”“由人生推论自然”“由人文界以发挥天人合一”道路的不同。双方都可以指责对方专制、傲慢,因为两人毕竟都高度肯定了“大一统”,都认此“普遍性”是“天经地义”的,但此普遍性可以被看作是文化理想、社会理想,也很容易被联想为是在污染纯学术,自觉为统治者张目。如此,董仲舒“大一统”对于中国政治哲学的意义,端赖今天的复古更化,以真正解决“重视普遍性但却对个体性无法兼顾”的问题。

Zhongshu’s ideal of“great unity”was fully affirmed by Qian Mu and Mou Zongsan as the realm of“academics guiding politics and politics guiding economy”.The dispute between the two over whether the traditional“great unity”belongs to democracy or dictatorship is based on a Confucian and Taoist distinction,that is,their ideas on the ways of unity are different from each other.Qian Mu holds the ideas of“inferring man from heaven”,“inferring life from nature”and“giving play to the unity of heaven and man by nature”;while Mou Zongsan holds the ideas of“inferring heaven from man”,“inferring nature from life”and“giving play to the unity of heaven and man by the humanities”.Both sides can criticise the other for being tyranny and arrogance,because after all,both of them highly affirm the“great unity”and agree that this“universality”is“fully justified”but can be regarded as a cultural ideal and a social ideal,which is easy to be associated with polluting pure academics and consciously boosting the ruler.In this way,the significance of Dong Zhongshu’s“great unity”to Chinese political philosophy needs to depend on today’s reform of the ancient ways so as to truly solve the problem of“attaching importance to universality but not being able to giving consideration to individuality”.