非认知能力、社会包容度与农民工就业质量——采用2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查5期数据的实证检验

Non-cognitive Ability,Social Tolerance and the Quality of Migrant Workers′Employment:Empirical Test Using the Data of Five Surveys of China Family Panel Studies from 2010 to 2018

在经济高质量发展阶段,尽快提升农民工就业质量是促进共同富裕的有效路径。产业分工的细化、就业环境的复杂化以及个体发展的多元化使非认知能力已成为影响劳动者就业质量的重要因素,然而现有文献大多基于非认知能力的某些维度或就业质量的某些方面探究两者的关系,对于农民工的非认知能力与就业质量这两个综合变量之间关系的研究更为不足,且相关经验研究未将就业环境纳入分析框架。本文认为,与其他劳动者一样,农民工非认知能力的提高可以促进其就业质量提升,而城市外来劳动力的特性使社会包容性对农民工就业质量具有显著影响,具体表现为城市社会包容度的增加将促进农民工就业质量的提升,并会强化非认知能力提高对农民工就业质量提升的促进效应。同时,随着农民工所从事工作复杂度和外向性的增加,个体非认知能力和城市社会包容度的就业质量效应也会增强。一方面,在工作复杂度和外向性不断增强、农民工非认知能力持续提高、城市社会包容度日益提升的经济社会演变背景下,个体非认知能力和城市社会包容度对农民工就业质量以及城市社会包容度对非认知能力的就业质量效应的正向影响均具有逐渐增强的时间趋势。另一方面,农民工在建筑业、制造业和服务业(农民工较为集中的3个行业)就业的工作复杂度和外向性总体上依次增加,因而上述影响也依次增强。采用2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)5期数据的经验分析表明:个体非认知能力和城市社会包容度对农民工就业质量具有显著正向影响,城市社会包容度对非认知能力影响农民工就业质量具有正向调节作用,且这3种正向效应均具有逐渐增强的时间趋势,并在建筑业、制造业和服务业样本中依次增强。相比现有文献,本文主要在以下两个方面进行拓展和深化:一是基于劳动者非认知能力的就业质量效应更容易受到经济社会环境的影响,构建“非认知能力”“就业质量”“社会包容度”3个综合变量的评价指标体系,并将三者纳入同一分析框架,从城市社会包容度的角度探讨就业环境的就业质量效应。二是基于农民工所从事工作特性的影响,探讨非认知能力、社会包容度的就业质量效应的时间趋势和行业异质性。本文的研究揭示了个体非认知能力和城市社会包容度提高对农民工就业质量提升的重要作用及其时间趋势和行业异质性,有助于农民工个体、用工企业和地方政府采取更为积极措施提高非认知能力和社会包容度,进而有效促进农民工就业质量提升,持续推进新型城镇化和共同富裕。

In the stage of high-quality economic development,improving the employment quality of migrant workers as soon as possible is an effective way to promote common prosperity.The refinement of industrial division of labor,the complexity of the employment environment and the diversification of individual development have made non-cognitive ability an important factor affecting the employment quality of workers,but most of the existing literature explores the relationship between the two based on certain dimensions of non-cognitive ability or some aspects of employment quality,and the research on the relationship between the two comprehensive variables of migrant workers′non-cognitive ability and employment quality is even insufficient,and the relevant empirical research does not include the employment environment in the analysis framework.This paper believes that,like other workers,the improvement of migrant workers′non-cognitive ability can promote the improvement of their employment quality,while the characteristics of urban foreign labor force make social inclusion have a significant impact on the employment quality of migrant workers,which is embodied in the fact that the increase of urban social tolerance will promote the improvement of the employment quality of migrant workers,and will strengthen the promotion effect of non-cognitive ability on the improvement of the employment quality of migrant workers.At the same time,with the increase in the complexity and extroversion of the work engaged by migrant workers,the influential effect of individual non-cognitive ability and urban social tolerance on the employment quality will also increase.On one hand,under the background of the economic and social evolution of increasing work complexity and extraversion,continuous improvement of migrant workers′non-cognitive ability,and increasing urban social tolerance,the positive effect of individual non-cognitive ability and urban social tolerance on the employment quality of migrant workers,and the positive effect of urban social tolerance on the employment quality effect of non-cognitive abilities have gradually increased.On the other hand,the job complexity and extroversion of migrant workers in construction,manufacturing,and service industries(the three industries where migrant workers are relatively concentrated)have increased in turn,and thus the above effects also have increased sequentially.Empirical analysis based on the data of five surveys of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)from 2010 to 2018 confirms the above views.Individual non-cognitive ability and urban social tolerance have a significant positive impact on the employment quality of migrant workers,and urban social tolerance has a positive moderating effect on the impact of non-cognitive ability on the employment quality of migrant workers.And these three positive effects all have a gradually increasing temporal trend,and they increase sequentially in the samples of construction,manufacturing and service industries.Compared with the existing literature,this paper mainly expands and deepens in the following two aspects.First,based on the fact that the employment quality effect of workers′non-cognitive ability is more susceptible to the impact of the economic and social environment,an evaluation index system of three comprehensive variables of“non-cognitive ability”,“employment quality”and“social tolerance”is constructed,and the three variables are included in the same analysis framework to explore the employment quality effect of the employment environment from the perspective of urban social tolerance.Secondly,based on the influence of the characteristics of the work performed by migrant workers,the time trend and industry heterogeneity of the employment quality effect of non-cognitive ability and social tolerance are explored.The research in this paper reveals the important role of the improvement of non-cognitive ability and urban social tolerance in promoting migrant workers′employment quality,as well as its time trend and industry heterogeneity,which will help migrant workers,employers and local governments to take more active measures to improve non-cognitive ability and social tolerance,thereby effectively promoting the improvement of migrant workers′employment quality,and continuously promoting new urbanization and common prosperity.