民法典视野下让与担保的法律构成与适用

LEGAL CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF ALIENATION GUARANTEE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CIVIL CODE

《中华人民共和国民法典》及其相关司法解释虽未直接使用让与担保的名称,但其内容可认为涉及让与担保,给法官裁判该类型案件提供了法律依据和思路。从让与担保制度的法理基础出发,所有权构成论与担保权构成论具有五个方面的不同。结合我国实际,让与担保在我国的法律体系中应采用担保权构成,《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百四十六条、第三百八十八条、第四百〇一条、第四百二十八条所规定的虚假表示与隐藏行为的效力、物权法定原则的缓和以及流质流押规定的缓和,为让与担保提供了法律解释路径。在司法实践中,法官在对让与担保案件进行认定时,应围绕《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国民法典>有关担保制度的解释》第六十八条所规定的特征与内涵进行判断和说理;对于其合同效力的认定,应承认在无其他合同无效的情形发生时,让与担保合同应为有效的合同;在判断让与担保的物权效力时,若当事人在登记机构对让与担保财产进行过登记,则法官应承认让与担保的物权效力,担保权人享有优先受偿权。

Although the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China and its judicial interpretation do not directly use the name of alienation guarantee,its content can be considered to involve alienation guarantee,which provides direction and ideas for judges to judge this type of cases.Starting from the legal basis of the alienation guarantee system,there are five differences between ownership structure and guarantee rights structure.Combined with practice in China,the alienation guarantee should adopt the structure of guarantee rights in our legal system.The effectiveness of false representation and concealment,the relaxation of the legal principle of real right and the relaxation of the provisions of liquid pledge in Articles 146,388,401 and 428 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China provide a legal interpretation path for the alienation guarantee.In judicial practice,the judge should focus on the characteristics and connotation stipulated in Article 68 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the application of the relevant guarantee system of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China when identifying the case of alienation guarantee..For the validity of the contract,it should be recognized that the alienation guarantee contract should be a valid contract when no other contract is invalid.When judging the real right effectiveness of the alienation guarantee,if the parties have registered the alienation guarantee property in the registration institution,the judge should recognize the real right effectiveness of the alienation guarantee,and the secured party has the priority to receive compensation.