过渡金属基电解水催化剂的发展现状及展望

Development and perspectives of the transition metal-based catalysts for water splitting

在推进落实“双碳”目标,构建新能源为主体的新型电力系统背景下,以风能、太阳能为主的可再生能源发电技术发展迅速。由于这类可再生能源具有的间歇性和波动性,破坏了电力电量平衡,电解水制氢是解决能源波动性、实现能源在更长时间、更广空间上再平衡的关键技术手段之一。介绍了电解水制氢电堆的主要形式,对比分析了碱性电解池、质子交换膜电解池以及固体氧化物电解池的区别;基于电解水制氢的反应机理,突出电催化剂在此过程中的重要性;重点介绍了合金材料、金属氧化物、金属硫化物、金属磷化物、金属碳化物和碳化物等各类新型催化剂的研究进展和改进策略;介绍了原位表征技术在研究电催化剂中的重要作用;最后,根据目前新能源制氢发展趋势,为电解水催化剂的现有问题做出总结,并对其未来发展做出展望。

With the implementation of the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality and the construction of a new energy-oriented power system,the renewable energy generation technology with a focus on wind energy and solar energy is developing rapidly.However,the intermittence and fluctuation of renewable energy impacts the electric power and energy balance.Hydrogen production by water electrolysis has been regarded as one of the key technical means to realize the rebalancing of energy in a longer time and in a wider space.The main forms of electrolysis stacks,alkaline electrolysis,proton exchange membrane electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis,are introduced and analyzed.Based on the reaction mechanism of water electrolysis,the importance of electrocatalysts in the reaction is pointed out.The development and improvement strategies of various novel electrocatalysts which include alloy materials,metal oxides,metal sulfides,metal phosphides,metal carbides and carbides are highlighted and reviewed here.And in-situ characterization techniques play vital roles in this development.Finally,the current problems and future perspectives of the catalysts for water splitting are proposed according to the forecasting on hydrogen production from water splitting.