经典名方中秦艽的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas

笔者通过查阅历代本草、医籍及方书相关记载并结合现代文献资料对《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》所载经典名方中秦艽药材的名称、基原、产地、采收加工及炮制进行系统梳理与本草考证,以期为包含秦艽药材的经典名方开发提供依据。考证后发现历代皆以秦艽为正名,此外尚有秦胶、秦瓜、秦爪、左拧根等别称。历代本草所述秦艽基原植物主要有4种,即秦艽、麻花秦艽、小秦艽和管花秦艽,其中以秦艽Gentiana macrophylla为主流。南北朝时期推崇以四川北部所产麻花秦艽、秦艽为最佳;唐代初期以陕西、甘肃交界六盘山一带所产秦艽为主流;北宋时期,形成了以管花秦艽为主的甘肃临夏、祁连山一带和以秦艽为主的陕西东部2个新产区;明清时期,秦艽逐步形成了较为丰富的基原及产区。历代采收以春秋两季采挖,经曝干或阴干处理储藏为主;炮制方式以净选切制干燥后的生品为主,此外还有炒制、酒制及牛乳制等方法。对经典名方中秦艽药材建议首选秦艽G.macrophylla,其中以甘肃、陕西所产野生品为佳,建议生品入药。同时建议后续版本《中华人民共和国药典》增加管花秦艽基原。

In this paper,through consulting relevant records in materia medica,medical and prescription books,and combining with modern literature,the name,origin,producing area,collection and processing of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix in famous classical formulas from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas(The First Batch)was systematically sorted out and textual research was carried out,in order to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing Gentianae macrophyllae Radix.After textual research,it was found that Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was the rectification of name in the past dynasties.In addition,there were other names such as Qinjiao,Qingua and Qinzhua.Gentiana macrophylla,G.straminea,G.dahurica and G.siphonantha were the main origin of this herb in ancient literature.Among them,G.macrophylla is the mainstream.In the Southern and Northern dynasties,G.straminea and G.macrophylla produced in northern Sichuan were recommended as the best.In the early Tang dynasty,G.macrophylla from the Liupan Mountain area at the border of Shanxi and Gansu provinces was the mainstream.During the Northern Song dynasty,G.siphonantha from Linxia and Qilian Mountain of Gansu province and G.macrophylla from eastern Shaanxi province were two new producing areas.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the abundant base and production areas of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix were gradually formed.In the past dynasties,harvesting was carried out in spring and autumn,and stored mainly by aeration drying or shade drying treatment.The processing methods are mainly the raw products after the net selection,cutting and drying,in addition to the frying,processing with wine and milk.G.macrophylla is recommended as the first choice for the herbal medicine involved in the famous classical formulas.Among them,wild products produced in Gansu and Shaanxi are the best,and raw products are recommended to be used.At the same time,it is suggested that G.siphonantha should be added to the subsequent edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of origins of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix.