经典名方中玄参的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Scrophulariae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas

通过查阅相关历代本草和医籍、方书,笔者对经典名方中玄参的名称、基原、产地、品质评价、采收加工及炮制方法等进行了本草考证,结果表明玄参之名历代多源于其形态、色泽。清代以来主要推崇浙八味之一的浙玄参Scrophularia ningpoensis为正品基原,其道地产区为浙江。玄参以身干、皮细、支条肥壮、体质坚实、内色乌黑、芦头修净、无细须者为佳。古代对于产地加工分蒸后晒干和直接晒干两类,近代以来玄参的产地加工多采用晒和发汗相结合的方法。明代以前对玄参的炮制主要以蒸制为主,偶见炒法,明代以及明代之后兴起酒制法,如热酒拌焙法、酒洗、酒蒸等,因古人认为酒能增强其功效,减其寒性,清代出现蒸过焙用的水火共制之法。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》规定玄参炮制方法为除去根茎残留和杂质,洗净,润透,切薄片,干燥;或微泡,蒸透,稍晾,切薄片,干燥。参考《古代经典名方关键信息考证原则》与《古代经典名方关键信息表(7首方剂)》,建议经典名方中未明确注明炮制要求的药材以生品入药,故建议两地汤和四妙勇安汤中玄参用生品。

In this paper,the name,origin,producing area,quality evaluation,harvesting and processing methods of Scrophulariae Radix used in the famous classical formulas were researched by consulting related ancient materia medica,medical books and prescription books.The results showed that the name of Scrophulariae Radix originated from its shape and color.Scrophularia ningpoensis,one of the eight flavors of Zhejiang,has been highly praised in the past as a genuine base,and its authentic production area is Zhejiang.Quality of Scrophulariae Radix is best if it has a dry body,thin skin,thick branches,firm physique,black inner color,net basal part of stem,and no fine whiskers.In ancient times,the origin processing was divided into two types,including sun-dried after steaming and directly sun-dried.While it mostly used a combination of drying and sweating in modern times.Before the Ming dynasty,the processing of Scrophulariae Radix was mainly steamed.Occasionally,the stir-frying appeared.In the Ming dynasty and after the Ming dynasty,wine processing emerged such as hot wine mixed roasting,wine washing,wine steaming,because the ancients believed that wine could enhance its efficacy and reduce its cold property.In the Qing dynasty,the method of steaming and baking appeared in the water and fire system.According to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the processing of Scrophulariae Radix includes removing rhizome residues and impurities,washing,moistening,cutting into thin slices,and drying,or soaking slightly,steaming thoroughly,drying slightly,cutting into thin slices,and drying.Referring to the relevant national documents,it is suggested that raw products of Scrophulariae Radix should be used in Liangditang and Simiao Yong′antang.