经典名方中大枣的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Jujubae Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas

笔者通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书、经史等文献,对古代经典名方中所用大枣药材的名称、基原、产地、采收加工、炮制历史沿革及变迁情况进行了系统的本草考证,为经典名方开发中涉及该药材的取样及研究提供依据。经考证可知,大枣名称众多,多以性状特征或产地命名,入药统称为大枣。历代本草中大枣的主流品种一直为枣Ziziphus jujuba,无刺枣(变种)Z.jujuba var.inemmis也有使用,考虑到两者差异不明显,现代可将大枣的基原定为枣Z.jujuba及无刺枣(变种)Z.jujuba var.inemmis。我国大枣的种质资源丰富,全国各地多有分布,历代本草中记载青州(今山东)、晋州(今山西)、绛州(今山西)、蒲州(今山西)的大枣质优,尤其以山东大枣为优。21世纪初,新疆种植大枣逐渐发展起来,目前市场认可度较高,成为优质大枣的新兴产区。大枣采收期多为8月,与现今基本一致。古今炮制方法均以简单净制后干燥为主。通过考证,建议经典名方使用的大枣药材以山东、山西等传统优质大枣产区为主,加工炮制方法遵循2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》进行简单净制干燥即可。

This paper made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name,origin,producing area,harvesting and processing methods of Jujubae Fructus used in famous classical formulas by referring to the ancient literature,so as to provide a basis for the sampling and research of the formulas containing the medicinal materials.According to textual research,there are many names of Jujubae Fructus,most of which are named by characters or producing areas,which are called Dazao.Ziziphus jujuba has always been the mainstream variety in all dynasties,and Z.jujuba var.inemmis has also been used.Considering that the differences between the two are not obvious,we can use Z.jujuba and Z.jujuba var.inemmis as the origins of Dazao.The germplasm resources of Jujubae Fructus are rich,which are distributed all over the country.Qingzhou(now Shandong),Jinzhou(now Shanxi)Jiangzhou(now Shanxi),Puzhou(now Shanxi)have been recorded as authentic producing areas of Jujubae Fructus in the past dynasties,especially in Shandong.At the beginning of the 21stcentury,the planting of Jujubae Fructus in Xinjiang gradually developed,and now has a high market recognition,becoming an emerging production area of high-quality samples.Harvest period of Jujubae Fructus is mostly August in the past dynasties,and this is basically the same as today.The main processing method is simple cleansing and drying.Through textual research,it is suggested that Jujubae Fructus in famous classical formulas should be mainly from Shandong,Shanxi and other traditional high-quality producing areas,the processing method should follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia for simple cleansing and drying.