经典名方中黄芪的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Astragali Radix in Famous Classical Formulas

通过查阅历代本草、方书、医籍,结合现代相关文献、标准等资料,对黄芪药材的名称、基原、产地、采收加工、炮制方法等根据不同历史发展时期进行系统考证,为含该药材的经典名方的开发提供依据。经考证可知,黄芪本名黄耆,而“芪”字本指药材知母,明代开始俗作黄芪,进而逐渐将黄芪作为药材正名。黄芪历代主流基原可确定为蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus或膜荚黄芪A. membranaceus的干燥根,不同历史时期还存在多花黄芪A. floridus、金翼黄芪A. chrysopterus、梭果黄芪A. emestii等黄芪属甚至非黄芪属植物作地方习用黄芪使用的情况。黄芪最早产区为四川、陕西、甘肃等地,后逐渐往东北方向扩展,宋代以来多将山西所产绵黄芪奉为道地,至清代除山西外又加内蒙古为道地,民国则推崇东北所产。现主产于山西、内蒙古、甘肃及东北等省区,商品以栽培品为主,山西大同、忻州等地仿野生栽培品质较好。黄芪在本草、方书中记载的炮制方法较多,多用生品,炮制品中以蜜炙为主流。基于当前资源栽培、生产情况,《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》所载11首含黄芪的经典名方建议均使用蒙古黄芪A. membranaceus var. mongholicus,以山西大同、忻州等地产者为佳,且除清心莲子饮注明需蜜炙外,其他方剂建议用生品。

Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine,prescription books and medical books,combined with modern relevant literature,standards and other information,this paper made a textual research on the name,origin,producing areas,harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods,providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research,the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi,and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty,and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus.In different historical periods,A. floridus,A. chrysopterus,A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even nonAstragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Gansu,and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty,Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty, besides Shanxi province, Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China,Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products,and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books,most of which are raw products,and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production,11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas(The First Batch)containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus,especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin,it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.