2MCPARLAND M, NOBLE LM, LIVINGSTON G. The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in un- dergraduate psychiatry[ J]. Med Educ ,2004,38 ( 8 ) :859 - 867.
3I-IOFFMAN K, HOSOKAWA M, BLAKE R, et al. Problem-based learning outcomes : ten years of experience at the university of Mis- souri-Columbia school of medicine [ J ]. Acad Med, 2006,81 ( 7 ) : 617 - 625.
4KOH GC, KHOO HE, WONG ML, et al. The effects of problem- based learning during medical school on physician competency: a systematic review[ J]. CMAJ ,2008,178 ( 1 ) :34 - 41.
5SEKIGUCHI M, YAMATO l, KATO T, et al. A trial of the PBL method in the first one year of pharmacy-effects and issues [ J ]. Yakugaku Zasshi ,2004,124 ( 1 ) :37 - 42.
