中国淡水养殖业绿色发展:提质增效与未来路径

Green development of freshwater aquaculture in China:improving quality and increasing efficiency and the future path

为实现水产养殖业“产品增质、渔民增收、产业变绿、水域生态优化”的政策目标,应用定性与案例分析法,从中国淡水养殖业的发展历程、养殖面积、养殖结构出发,阐述了质量安全问题,以大水面、池塘养殖以及“稻鱼共生”“虾稻共作”养殖模式为例,剖析了生态与经济效益。研究发现,改革开放以来中国淡水养殖面积不断扩大、产品产量快速增长、养殖结构持续优化、养殖收入不断增加,但水体环境和产品质量问题阻碍了中国淡水养殖业的绿色发展。以典型的淡水养殖模式为例,分析了未来绿色健康养殖模式的生态和经济效益;为进一步推动3种典型模式“提质增效”,给出了未来绿色发展的路径:①大水面养殖需要尽快实现大水面功能分区、建立规范准则与加快产业融合;②池塘养殖模式需要加强池塘标准化改造、应用现代机械化设备与推广复合生态型与循环池塘养殖模式;③稻渔综合种养模式需要强化特色品牌、完善基础养殖设施与建设科技推广体系。

In order to achieve the policy objectives of“improving product quality,increasing fishermen’s income,greening industry and optimizing water area ecology”,qualitative and case analysis methods were applied in this paper to analyze the economic and ecological benefits of China′s aquaculture development.Based on the development history,culture area and culture structure of freshwater aquaculture in China,the quality and safety issues were discussed.Taking large surface aquaculture,pond culture,integrated rice-fish farming and integrated rice-crayfish farming models as examples,the ecological and economic benefits were analyzed.The results showed that since the reform and opening up in China,the area has been expanding,the production has increased rapidly,the structure of aquaculture has been continuously optimized,and the income of aquaculture has been rising,however,the environmental and product quality problems hinder the green development of freshwater aquaculture in China.Taking typical freshwater aquaculture model as an example,this paper analyzed the ecological and economic benefits of the future green and healthy aquaculture model,and in order to promote the“quality and efficiency improvement”of the three typical modes,the path of future green development was given.The large surface water needs to realize functional zoning,establish norms and standards and speed up industrial integration.It is necessary to strengthen the standardization of bulk freshwater aquaculture,apply modern mechanized equipment and popularize the pattern of compound ecological-type and circulating pond.The model of rice-fish farming needs to strengthen the characteristic brand,improve the basic breeding facilities and construct a science and technology promotion system.