福、德及两者的统一:康德幸福观的三大核心内容

Happiness,Virtue and Their Combination:Three Core Concepts of Kant’s View of Happiness

日本学者安倍能成在其著作中曾形象地将康德哲学比喻成哲学史上的“贮水池”,同样,康德的幸福观亦是伦理学思想史上的“贮水池”。其幸福观调和了自古希腊时代便争论不休的经验主义与理性主义,将原本二元对立的德与福统一于“至善”之中,在至善的框架下理解并阐释了幸福观。康德的幸福观中既关照人们感性幸福的实现,而且也将德性确立为配享此福的条件。在对历史上以分析命题的方式解释德与福之间的关系的批判中,通过纯粹理性“三大悬设”的设立,以综合命题的方式重新确定了两者间的关系,肯定了“德福一致”。

The Japanese scholar Abe Yoshishige has vividly compared Kant to a“reservoir”of the history of philosophy in his works.Likewise,Kant’s view of happiness is the same.Moreover,it not only connects the past and the future,but also harmonizes both the empiricists’and rationalists’views of happiness,which have been arguing since the ancient Greek times.He unites the original dualistic opposition of virtue and happiness in the“the supreme good”and illustrate his view of happiness with the context of“the supreme good”.Kant is not only concerned about the fulfillment of people’s practical happiness,but also to establish virtue as a condition to be entitled to obtain happiness.Criticizing the explanation of the relationship between happiness and virtue by the way of analytic proposition,through the establishment of the“three big suspending hypotheses”of pure reason,in the form of synthetic proposition to determine the relationship,affirmed the“virtue consistent with happiness”.