19世纪德国“人格”争论与黑格尔学派的分裂——青年马克思《博士论文》之思想与政治现实背景探源

Debate on"Personality"in Germany in the 19th Century and the Splitting of Hegelian School-On the Ideological and Political Background of Young Marx's Doctoral Dissertation

马克思在写作博士论文期间投身到青年黑格尔派的宗教-政治斗争中,并将斗争矛头指向实证哲学调和宗教与哲学的企图。这场青年黑格尔派与实证哲学的争论以当时德意志思想界对上帝人格的讨论为背景。法国大革命给德国带来了启蒙理性和自由主义,并刺激了政治神学的复苏,个人上帝观念和位格主义盛行。黑格尔对当时盛行的单一人格神论发起挑战,并试图论证上帝的普遍人格,遭到“思辨的有神论者”、谢林的实证哲学以及斯塔尔等的批判。在保守主义的冲击下,黑格尔学派呈现出分裂趋势,特别是施特劳斯的《耶稣传》发表之后,老年黑格尔派与青年黑格尔派的分化加剧。前者在政治立场上趋向保守,并有向当时主流的实证哲学靠拢的趋势;后者则力图发展黑格尔思想中的启蒙和革命成分,以之作为反对实证哲学和位格主义并进行宗教-政治批判的武器,体现鲜明的启蒙色彩。

During his doctoral dissertation writing,Marx devoted himself to the religious-political struggle of Young Hegelians and pointed the struggle at the attempt of Positive philosophy to reconcile religion and philosophy.This dispute between Young Hegelians and Positive philosophy was based on the discussion of God's personality in German ideological circles at that time.The French Revolution brought enlightenment ratio nalism and liberalism to Germany and stimulated the recovery of political theology.The concept of individual God and individualism prevailed.Hegel inherited the tradition of Pantheism in Germany,challenged the prevailing Monotheism at that time,and tried to prove the universal personality of God,which was criticized by"speculative theists",Schelling's positive philosophy and Stahl.Under the impact of conservatism,the Hegelian school presented a split trend,especially after the publication of Strauss'Life of Jesus,the differentiation between the Old Hegelians and the Young Hegelians intensified.The former tended to be conservative in political position and close to the mainstream Positive philosophy at that time;The latter tried to develop the enlightening and revolutionary elements in Hegel's thought and used it as a weapon to oppose positivism and individualism and to carry out religious political criticism,reflecting a distinct color of enlightenment.