作为自我意识限制条件的自然——以马克思博士论文为文本依据

Nature as a Limiting Condition of Self-consciousness——Based on Marx’s Doctoral Dissertation

在以自我意识为主题的博士论文中,马克思由于追求“定在中的自由”而使自我意识成为有限的自我意识,而自然作为自我意识的限制条件便具有了不可取消的客观性,这使得马克思开始跳出黑格尔哲学的唯心主义立场而显露出唯物主义的痕迹。特别是其中使用的“现实自然界”等与自然相关的术语,使马克思在博士论文时期的自然概念已经具备了成熟时期自然概念的意涵。但是,出于高扬自我意识的需要,马克思暂时搁置了自然而偏向自我意识哲学。客观存在但被边缘化,既是博士论文中自然概念的总体特征,也为马克思超越自我意识哲学、恢复外部自然界的优先地位奠定了理论基础。

In his doctoral thesis on the theme of self-consciousness, Marx makes self-consciousness a limited self-consciousness due to his pursuit of “freedom in the fixed”, and nature as the limiting condition of self-consciousness has an irrevocable objectivity. Marx’s materialist position began to show traces of materialism. In particular, the use of nature-related terms, such as “real nature”, gives the concept of nature at the time of the doctoral thesis the connotation of the concept of nature in Marx’s mature period. However, due to the need to promote selfconsciousness, Marx temporarily sets aside nature in favor of a philosophy of self-consciousness. The objective existence but marginalization is both the general characteristic of the concept of nature in the doctoral thesis and the theoretical foundation for Marx to transcend the philosophy of self-consciousness and restore the priority of external nature.