资本下乡、经营土地与农政变迁——以成都市郫都区为例

Capital Flowing to the Countryside,Operating Land and Agrarian Change:A Case Study of Pidu District of Chengdu

基于对成都市郫都区的长期田野观察,构建了“资本下乡-经营土地-农政变迁”的分析框架,实证分析了两个村庄的资本下乡过程和影响。研究发现,地方政府主导和市场主导的资本下乡对两村进行了不同的塑造,但导致的农政变迁结果殊途同归。为建立乡村振兴模板,战旗村在地方政府大力扶持下,通过各类规划和国有企业投资,打造乡村振兴博览园核心示范区;白云村的发展则主要是市场引导的“消费性建成空间”塑造,投资企业利用集体建设用地打造田园综合体,将乡村空间符号化和商品化,供追求文化符号产品的城市中产消费。虽然两村资本下乡的主导力量和发展路径不尽相同,但其农政变迁具有一致性:以农村集体土地的资产化和资本化为核心,农业逐渐现代化和产业化,随之而来的是传统农民减少,职业农民和“新农人”增加,乡村地域更深地嵌入城市资本循环。研究表明,农政变迁的一致性源于两地的正式、非正式制度的稳定性和相同的资源配置方式,不同的治理方式仍可塑造相似的农村社会经济实践。

Based on a long-term fieldwork in the Pidu District of Chengdu,this paper establishes an analytic framework“capital-flowing-to-countryside,operating land and agrarian change”and empirically analyses the process and impacts of capital flowing to the two villages.The results show:government-led and market-led“capital-flowing-to-countryside”has shaped the two villages differently but tended to incur the same agrarian change.In order to establish a template for rural revitalisation,Zhanqi Village has been built as the core demonstration area of a rural revitalisation expo park through various plans and state-owned enterprise investments with the strong support of the local governments.The development of Baiyun Village pertains a market-led shaping of“consumptive built environment”,in which the investment company builds a rural complex using rural collective commercial construction land(RCCCL),symbolizing and commodifying rural space for urban middle-class in pursuit of cultural symbol products.Although the main driver and development paths of the“capital-flowing-to-countryside”in the two villages vary,the agrarian changes are consistent:with the assetization and capitalisation of RCCCL as the core,agriculture is gradually modernised and industrialised,followed by the decrease of traditional farmers and the increase of professional farmers and“new farmers”,and the rural area is more deeply embedded in the urban capital circuit.The consistency of the agrarian changes stems from the stability of the(in)formal institutions and the same way of resource allocation in the two villages.Different governance methods can still result in similar social and economic practices in rural areas.