论行政处罚过错推定的司法审查

On the Judicial Review of the Presumption of Fault in Administrative Punishment

新修订的《行政处罚法》将主观过错纳入行政处罚考量因素,如何正确理解和适用主观过错条款,当前没有统一标准。从行政法治发展阶段和国情出发,我国有必要确立行政处罚二元归责模式,即“无过错责任”与“过错责任”并立,对于当事人故意实施违法行为的情形适用无过错责任,对于当事人过失实施违法行为的情形适用过错责任。并且将行政处罚过错责任确定为过错推定责任,由当事人承担证明其没有主观过错的举证责任。对于当事人主观故意或过失界限不明确或者模糊时,则适用过错推定原则。法院在司法审查中重点审查当事人提供的无主观过错的证据是否确实充分,行政机关对当事人主观过错的判断是否合法适当,并据此依法作出裁判。

The newly revised “Administrative Punishment Law” incorporates subjective fault into the consideration of administrative punishment.There is currently no uniform standard for how to correctly understand and apply the subjective fault clause.Starting from the development stage of China’s administrative rule of law and the national conditions,it is necessary for our country to establish a dual responsibility model for administrative punishment,that is“no-fault liability”and “fault liability”side by side.No-fault liability applies to the case where the party intentionally commits an illegal act,and fault liability applies to the case where the party negligently commits an illegal act.Moreover,the fault responsibility for administrative punishment is determined as the fault presumption responsibility,and the parties bear the burden of proof to prove that they have no subjective fault.When the boundaries of the parties’ subjective intention or negligence are not clear or ambiguous,the principle of presumption of fault shall apply.In the judicial review,the court focuses on examining whether the without-subjective-fault evidence provided by the parties is indeed sufficient and whether the judgment of the administrative organ on the subjective fault of the parties is legal and appropriate,whereby the court makes a verdict according to the law.