基于空间句法的史前聚落遗址空间特征研究--以夏家店下层文化聚落为例

Study on the Spatial Characteristics of Prehistoric Settlement Sites Based on Spatial Syntax:Taking Lower Xiajiadian Culture as an Example

史前聚落作为人类生产、生活与社会组织形态的物化载体,是史前遗址的常见类型,也是文明起源与发展演进的重要见证。以3处典型的夏家店下层文化史前聚落遗址为例,引入空间句法理论,对其空间功能、形态与结构特征进行解读,结果表明:(1)整合度分析显示院落及院区是可达性最高的区域,以高等级居住功能为主;靠近聚落出入口以带回廊的大房址为中心,是内部主要的公共场所;以生产、仓储等服务功能为主的空间是聚落人群活动的集中区域。(2)选择度分析显示聚落主要以南北向道路为主,依次连接各级支路和小巷,同时起到划分内部不同功能等级区的作用。(3)可理解度分析显示出聚落空间逐渐由复杂向规整、有序的方向发展,同时也带来由依靠内部空间防御向外部设施防御的转变。综合上述研究结果,提出具备原型意义的夏家店下层文化聚落空间图示,拓展空间句法的应用范畴,为史前聚落空间量化研究提供新的思路。

As the materialized carrier of human production,life and social organization,prehistoric settlement is not only a common type of prehistoric sites,but also an important witness to the origin,development and evolution of civilization.Taking three typical Lower Xiajiadian culture prehistoric settlement sites as examples,the spatial syntax theory is introduced to interpret their spatial functions,forms and structural characteristics.The results show that:1) the integration analysis shows that the courtyard and courtyard area are the areas with the highest accessibility,mainly high-level residential functions;Close to the entrance and exit of the settlement,centered on the large house site with corridor,it is the main public place inside;The space dominated by service functions such as production and storage is the concentrated area for the activities of settlement people.2) The selectivity analysis shows that the settlement is mainly north-south roads,connecting branches and alleys at all levels in turn,and dividing different functional grade areas at the same time.3) Intelligibility analysis shows that the complexity of settlement space has changed,gradually developing in a regular and orderly direction,and also bringing about a change from relying on internal space defense to external facility defense.Based on the above research results,this paper puts forward the archetypal spatial illustration of Lower Xiajiadian culture settlement,expands the application scope of spatial syntax,and provides a new idea for the quantitative study of prehistoric settlement space.