民事诉讼二审独任制适用条件研究--新《民事诉讼法》第41条评注

Study on the Application Conditions for the Sole Judge Trial System in Appeal Trial in Civil Litigation:A Commendatory on Article 41 of the Newly Revised Civil Procedure Law

新修改的《民事诉讼法》第41条规定了二审独任制的适用条件。其中的实体性要件“案件事实清楚、权利义务关系明确”包含了实质标准,使司法实践的理解存在不确定性。现代司法制度中的合议制功能是发现不同法律意见的原则性共识,提高裁判的可接受性。适用合议制的理由主要不是技术上的疑难复杂,而是法律适用存在相互竞争的理由。只要不存在多个裁判意见交互对话的必要,都可以适用独任制。透过独任制扩张的制度逻辑,可以对二审独任制实体性要件进行规范解释,继而准确理解其他三个程序性要件,防止二审程序中独任制被不当限缩或扩大适用。

Article 41 of the newly revised Civil Procedure Law stipulates the conditions for the application of the sole judge trial system in appeal trial.The substantive elements of“clear facts of the case and clear rights and obligations relationship”include substantive standards,rendering the understanding of judicial practice uncer⁃tain.The function of the collegial system in modern judicial system is to achieve the principled consensus of differ⁃ent legal opinions and improve the acceptability of the judgment.The reason for the application of the collegial sys⁃tem does not mainly lie in the technical complexity,but in the competition of law application.As long as there is no need for an interactive dialogue between multiple referees,the sole judge trial system can be applied.Through the system logic of the expansion of the sole judge trial system,the substantive elements of the sole judge trial sys⁃tem in appeal trial can be explained standardly,which will help us accurately understand the other three procedur⁃al elements so as to prevent the system from being improperly restricted or expanded in the procedure of the appeal trial.