古代常用颜料的微生物生长差异性研究

Research on the differences in microbial growth on ancient common pigments

彩绘文物表面滋生的微生物会改变文物的颜色与外貌,破坏彩绘层整体的稳定性,对文物造成严重破坏,但不同颜料上微生物生长的差异性却少见报道。为探究不同颜料上微生物生长的差异性,选取石绿、石青等10种古代常用颜料制作彩绘模拟样品,进行高湿环境(75%~100%RH)的微生物生长模拟实验,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察微生物微观形貌,运用微生物形态学和分子生物学技术鉴定其种属。实验结果表明,湿度越高,微生物越容易生长;10种颜料上微生物生长顺序依次为群青>朱砂>赭石≈土红>石青≈石绿>铅白>雌黄>雄黄>铅丹;鉴定出颜料上生长的微生物主要有3个真菌属(曲霉属,Aspergillus;青霉属,Penicillium;枝孢菌属,Cladosporium)和1个细菌属(肠杆菌,Enterobacter)。该研究为彩绘文物的湿度环境选择以及微生物防治提供科学依据,对该类文物保护具有重要指导意义。

Microorganisms on the surface of polychromy cultural relics can change the color and appearance,destroy the overall stability of polychromy layer and cause serious damage.However,the differences in microbial growth on different pigments have rarely been reported.In order to explore the differences in microbial growth on different pigments,10 kinds of ancient common pigments,such as malachite,azurite and so on,were selected to make simulation samples for microbial growth experiments in high humidity environments(75~100%RH).Their microscopic morphology and species of microorganisms were studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),microbial morphology and molecular biology techniques.The experimental results have shown that the higher the humidity is,the easier the microorganisms will grow.The order of microbial growth on the 10 pigments is:ultramarine>cinnabar>red ochre≈hematite>azurite≈malachite>lead white>orpiment>red orpiment>lead red.The main growing microorganisms were identified as three genera of fungi(Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus)and a genus of bacteria(Enterobacter).The work provides a scientific basis for the control of the humidity environment of polychromy cultural relics and the prevention and control of microorganisms.It has important guiding significance for the protection of this kind of cultural relics.