马克思对蒲鲁东贫困理论的批判性超越

Marx's Critical Transcendence of Proudhon's Philosophy of Poverty

蒲鲁东的贫困理论颇有影响力。就反思贫困的理论脉络而言,激进主义批判、浪漫主义批判与空想社会主义批判等三种方式,或多或少与蒲鲁东贫困理论相关,蒲鲁东的贫困理论指向贫困生产背后的各种社会现象,如法权或所有权问题、银行收益与小时券等内容,目的是以小生产者视角考察社会生产力,以维护他们的利益。与之相对,马克思认为,贫困生成与社会制度相关,即资本剥削造就了现代贫困,反贫困必须超越资本,进而,马克思批判性超越了蒲鲁东的贫困理论。具体而言,反贫困离不开世界观的更新——资本的文明性与全球化并未带来贫困问题的解决,反而导致了无产阶级贫困的世界性固化,故需批判现代世界以完成反贫困重任;反贫困离不开政治经济学批判——反贫困不是简单地超越财富生产与财产分配,而是要追溯至对资本生产的复杂性矛盾的批判;反贫困离不开人类解放向度——反贫困离不开重建生产资料公有制,以无产阶级革命解决现代贫困,以实现人的自由全面发展,进而真正超越贫困议题。

Proudhon’s philosophy of poverty is influential.As far as the theoretical history of reflecting on poverty is concerned,the three ways of radicalistic criticism,romanticist criticism and utopian socialist criticism are more or less related to Proudhon’s philosophy of poverty.Proudhon’s philosophy of poverty points at various social phenomena behind poor production,such as legal rights or ownership issues,bank earnings and labour vouchers,etc.for the purpose of examining social productivity from the perspective of small producers in order to safeguard their interests.In contrast,Marx believed that poverty is related to the social system,that is,capital exploitation creates poverty in modern times,and anti-poverty must go beyond capital.Furthermore,Marx critically surpassed Proudhon’s philosophy of poverty.Specifically speaking,antipoverty is inseparable from the renewal of the world view.The civilization and globalization of capital fails to relieve poverty,but instead achieves the global solidification of proletarian poverty.Therefore,it is necessary to criticize the modern world in order to fulfil the task of anti-poverty.Anti-poverty is inseparable from the criticism of political economy-anti-poverty is not something that simply goes beyond wealth production and property distribution,but something that must be traced back to the criticism of the complex contradiction of capital production;anti-poverty is inseparable from the dimension of human liberation-anti-poverty is inseparable from rebuilding the public ownership of the means of production.Modern poverty can be alleviated by means of proletarian revolution to fulfil the free and comprehensive development of human beings,and further truly transcend the issue of poverty.