卢梭式个体主义与民主制--涂尔干对法国政治疾病的诊断

Rousseau’s Individualism and Democracy:Durkheim’s Diagnosis of Political Disease in France

本文尝试从个体主义问题出发,在社会思想领城中讨论涂尔干与卢梭之间的复杂关联。涂尔干认为大革命后的法国民主政治陷入疾病状态,具体表现为国家与个体之间道德关系的混乱,而卢梭式个体主义正是这种疾病的思想根源。卢梭式个体主义建立在“个体崇拜”的基础上,集中展现了现代个体的生存状态。涂尔干一方面肯定这种个体主义为政治自由、科学理性和普遍道德打开的发展空间;另一方面,他也意识到这种个体主义具有走向绝对性、抽象性与革命性的危险。涂尔干对个体主义进行了历史化处理,并将“普遍意志”改造为“社会”,进而将卢梭式个体主义转化为道德个体主义。这一努力为法国民主重建奠定了道德根基。

This article attempts to discuss the complex relationship be-tween Durkheim and Rousseau in the field of social thought from the perspee-tive of individualism.In Durkheim's view,French democracy after the Revolu-tion fell into a state of disease,represented by the confusion of the moral rela-tionship between the state and the individual.Rousseau's individualism is the root of such a disease.Rousseau's individualism was built on“the cult of the individual”and revealed the existential state of the modern individual.On the one hand,Durkheim affirmed that this type of individualism opens some space for the development of freedom,reason and morality;on the other hand,Durkheim was aware of the absolute,abstract and revolutionary nature of this type of individualism.Durkheim sought to historicize individualism by recon-structing“universal will”to“society”,and he transformed Rousseau’s individu-alism into moral individualism.His effort set up the moral foundation for the re-construction of French democracy.