释“违实”——兼论与“反事实”的差异性关联

On Counterfactuality

近些年汉语反事实范畴的研究逐渐得到了关注,但在正名称呼上却各异,有反叙实、反事实、违实等。其实违实并不仅仅是反事实那么简单,这些不同名称的概念不尽相同,如果统一将其归为一类,势必会导致表层语言特征的杂乱无章。通过对违实的本质、违实的标记方式、可能世界的层级关系等基本概念的介绍,文章发现违实有别于一般否定在于其只是具有反事实倾向性,且言者态度强度较弱,并由此总结出违实义的4个根本性特征,即:(1)违实中涉及的事实是主观现实世界而非客观现实世界;(2)违实通常以一种假定形式出现,即出现在非直陈世界中;(3)违实通常与直陈世界中的现实世界不一致;(4)违实中涉及的可能世界可被无限地接近(但不是等同)。

The study of the Chinese counterfactual category has gradually gained attention in recent years, but the terminology varies, such as “counterfactive”, “counterfactual”, “contrary to the truth”, etc. These terms connote different concepts, and if they are uniformly grouped together, it will inevitably lead to a hodgepodge of surface language features. Through introduction of basic concepts, marking strategies, and the hierarchical relationship of possible worlds, the paper finds that couterfactuals differ from general negation in that it only has a counterfactual tendency and a weaker strength of speaker’s attitude, and thus concludes four fundamental properties of counterfactuals, namely,(1) the facts involved in violation of reality are the subjective real world rather than the objective real world;(2) the “contrary reality” usually appears in a hypothetical form, i.e., in the non-directly stated world;(3) the “contrary reality” is usually inconsistent with the real world in the directly stated world;(4) the “contrary reality” can be infinitely approximated(but not equated) with the possible worlds involved.