地理批评理论与维多利亚小说中的工业城市空间建构--以盖斯凯尔、狄更斯、迪斯雷利的工业小说为例

The Theory of Geo-criticism and the Construction of Industrial Urban Space in Victorian Novels

维多利亚时期,英国小说的一大突出特征是空间背景有了重大的转移——从古老的乡村转移到新崛起的城市。工业城市是一种史无前例的新型城市,它具有新的空间法则、新的城乡关系、新的内部社群。由于观察视角和主观立场所限,传统的单一作者或文本的批评范式很难展现城市化进程中工业城市空间的全貌,更掩盖了城市化进程背后的驱动力,即经济模式的变革。本文以盖斯凯尔、狄更斯以及迪斯雷利的工业小说为例,从地理批评理论的创新角度,讨论维多利亚小说中工业城市的复杂空间形象的建构与演变。通过对工业城市的生产和生活空间进行深入分析,表明工业城市空间有两大新特征:一是“事实空间”与“精神空间”的相互排斥,二是“无产阶级社会空间”与“资产阶级社会空间”的极端割裂。这两种对立表面上水火不容,但各个空间内部始终有异质性的分子在向外逃逸,这种流动性不仅打破了“事实空间”的封锁,也使无产阶级与资产阶级的社会空间由封闭走向交汇。

In the Victorian period,one of the outstanding features of the Eng-lish novel is the shift of the spatial background-from the ancient countryside to the newly-rising cities.Industrial city,as a sort of unprecedented new space,brings new space order,new urban-rural relationship,and new internal communities.Due to the limitation of observation perspective and subjective standpoint,the traditional critical paradigm of single author or text is difficult to show the whole picture of industrial city space in the process of urbanization,and even conceals the driving force behind the process of urbanization-a change in the economic mode of production.Taking the industrial novels of Elizabeth Gaskell,Charles Dickens and Benjamin Disraeli for examples,this article discusses the construction and evolution of the complex images of industrial city spaces in Victorian novels from the creative perspective of geocriticism.Through the in-depth analysis of the production and living space of the industrial city,it shows that the industrial city space bears two new features:one is the mutual exclusion of the“fact space”and the“spirit space”;the second is the extreme separation of u proletarian social spaceM and“bourgeois social space”.The two opposites usually appear incompatible,but there are always heterogeneous factors escaping from the interior of each space.This mobility not only breaks the blockade of“fact space”,but also causes the social spaces of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie to move from the closure to the intersection.