中外法庭科学标准体系建设比较研究

Comparison into Sino-overseas Forensic Science Standard Systems about Their Construction

标准体系既是对标准整体进行研究、管理的模型和工具,也能够为标准制修订和应用提供科学指导,为标准资源库的建设提供资源分类关系,为各专业提供标准化对象及其要素的关联脉络,促进法庭科学事业的标准化、规范化发展。本文对国际层面、欧洲区域层面和以美国为代表的国家层面的标准体系建设情况进行了比较研究,分析了中外标准体系的制度土壤与现实需求,比较了中外标准体系在表现形式、分类维度、分类管理、系统观念以及功能和应用上的异同,总结了国外在坚持实践导向与需求导向、丰富标准化文件类型、注重基础通用和质量管理标准制定、重视协调与跟踪、增强标准时效性、健全配套工作机制等方面的经验做法,以期为优化我国法庭科学领域标准体系的构建提供有益参考。

Forensic science standard system is not only a norm and tool for the whole of all related standards to put into research and management but can provide scientifi c guidance for any standard to develop,revise and apply,for standard resource database to construct on relevant classifi cation relations,for each specialty to build up contextual relationships of standardized objects and their elements,and overall promote forensic science to develop on the way of standardization and normalization.In China,a suitable work mode may at present require top-level design to establish a standard system and improve standards into systematization and coordination in order for forensic science to better develop and progress,thus rendering the conduciveness to effi ciency enhancement,especially for standardized objects to select and reasonably divide,for standards to simplify,integrate and mitigate cross duplication.An international comparison was here made on the construction of standard system that is respectively adopted with Europe,United States,Canada and Australia.Analysis was therewith carried out into Sino-overseas standard systems about their institutional foundation and practical requirements,highlighting the similarities and differences in manifestation,classifi cation dimension,classifi cation management,systematic concept,function and application,and pointing out foreign countries’good experiences and ways,e.g.,adhering to orientation at practice and demand,enriching the genres of standardized documents,emphasizing general standards and quality management regulations,paying attention to coordination and tracking management,enhancing the timeliness of standards,optimizing supportive working mechanism.This essay is purported to provide benefi cial reference for forensic science standard system to improve construction in China.